Záporné věty
Záporné věty: krátký zápor (안 + sloveso) a dlouhý zápor (-지 않다)
Dokáže tvořit záporné věty s 안 a -지 않다 a rozlišovat 안 a 못
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오늘 안 가요.
Dnes nejdu.
매운 음식을 먹지 않아요.
Nejím ostré jídlo.
수영을 못 해요.
Neumím plavat.
공부 안 해요.
Neučím se.
Zaměřte se na zvýrazněné části. Co mají společného?
부정문 — Negative Sentences
Korean has two ways to negate verbs: short negation (안) and long negation (-지 않다). Both mean the same thing.
Short negation: 안 + verb
| Positive | Negative |
|---|---|
| 가요 (go) | 안 가요 (don't go) |
| 먹어요 (eat) | 안 먹어요 (don't eat) |
| 좋아해요 (like) | 좋아안 해요 ✗ → 안 좋아해요 ✓ |
Long negation: verb stem + -지 않아요
| Positive | Negative |
|---|---|
| 가요 (go) | 가지 않아요 (don't go) |
| 먹어요 (eat) | 먹지 않아요 (don't eat) |
| 공부해요 (study) | 공부하지 않아요 (don't study) |
하다 verbs with short negation: For compound 하다 verbs, 안 goes before 하다: 공부 안 해요 (NOT *안 공부해요). But 안 좋아해요 is also acceptable.
Special negatives (inherently negative words):
- 없다 (not exist/not have) — already negative, don't add 안
- 모르다 (not know) — negative of 알다 (know)
- 못 + verb = cannot (inability): 못 가요 (can't go)
못 vs 안: 안 = choose not to (won't). 못 = unable to (can't). 안 먹어요 (I don't eat it — choice). 못 먹어요 (I can't eat it — unable).
Časté chyby
Placed 안 in the wrong position (e.g., before compound noun instead of before 하다)
Simple verbs: 안 + verb (안 가요). 하다 compounds: noun + 안 + 해요 (공부 안 해요)
Confused 안 (won't/don't) with 못 (can't)
안 = voluntary choice (I won't). 못 = inability (I can't). 안 먹어요 (won't eat) vs 못 먹어요 (can't eat)
오늘 안 가요.
Dnes nejdu.
Krátký zápor: 안 se umisťuje přímo před sloveso. 오늘 (dnes) + 안 + 가요 (jdu) = dnes nejdu.
매운 음식을 먹지 않아요.
Nejím ostré jídlo.
Dlouhý zápor: kmen slovesa + 지 않아요. 먹 (kmen 'jíst') + 지 않아요 = nejím. Formálnější/důraznější než 안 먹어요.
수영을 못 해요.
Neumím plavat.
못 = nemohu (neschopnost). 수영 (plavání) + 을 + 못 해요 (nemohu). Srovnejte: 수영 안 해요 = neplavu (volba).
공부 안 해요.
Neučím se.
Složená slovesa s 하다: 안 se vkládá mezi podstatné jméno a 하다: 공부 + 안 + 해요. NE *안 공부해요.
Procvičit v kurzu
Použijte tuto gramatiku ve cvičeních kurzu A1