경어법A1

Grundlagen der höflichen Sprache

Grundlegende Höflichkeitsstufen: 해요체 (höflich informell) und 합니다체 (höflich formell)

Lernziel

Ich kann 해요체 und 합니다체 in verschiedenen sozialen Kontexten angemessen verwenden

Prüfungskompetenzen:듣기읽기

Schau dir diese Beispiele an. Kannst du das grammatische Muster erkennen?

감사합니다.

Vielen Dank. (formal)

고마워요.

Danke. (höflich informell)

어디에 가십니까?

Wohin gehen Sie? (sehr formal)

저는 학생이에요.

Ich bin Student. (höflich)

Achte auf die hervorgehobenen Teile. Was haben sie gemeinsam?

존댓말 기본 (Polite Speech Basics)

Korean has multiple speech levels (존댓말 = polite language, 반말 = casual language). At A1, focus on two polite levels:

LevelNameEndingWhen to use
Polite informal해요체-아/어요Most daily conversations
Polite formal합니다체-ㅂ니다/습니다News, presentations, business, interviews
Verb해요체합니다체
가다 (go)가요갑니다
먹다 (eat)먹어요먹습니다
하다 (do)해요합니다
이다 (be)이에요/예요입니다

합니다체 formation:

  • Vowel stem: stem + -ㅂ니다 → 가 + ㅂ니다 = 갑니다
  • Consonant stem: stem + -습니다 → 먹 + 습니다 = 먹습니다

Questions: 해요체: rising intonation. 합니다체: change 다 to 까 → 갑니까?, 먹습니까?

Rule of thumb: Use 해요체 as your default — it's safe in almost all situations. Switch to 합니다체 for formal contexts.

Mixing 해요체 and 합니다체 in the same sentence. Using 반말 (casual) with strangers or elders. EN speakers: English lacks verb-level politeness marking. Learners often don't feel the level difference and randomly mix forms. DE speakers: German Sie/du distinction helps understand the concept, but Korean has more levels. Mapping Sie = 합니다체, du = 반말 is too simplistic. RU speakers: Russian вы/ты parallels du/Sie but Korean speech levels encode more social nuance. Verb conjugation for politeness is unfamiliar. CS speakers: Czech vykání/tykání (vy/ty) helps with the concept. But Korean embeds politeness in the verb ending itself, not just pronouns.

Häufige Fehlermuster

Mixed 해요체 and 합니다체 in the same utterance

Stay consistent within one sentence. 해요체 for casual polite, 합니다체 for formal

Used 반말 (casual) in a formal context

Always use at least 해요체 with strangers, elders, and in professional settings

감사합니다.

Vielen Dank. (formal)

합니다체 — häufigster formeller Ausdruck. 감사하다 → 감사합니다.

고마워요.

Danke. (höflich informell)

해요체 — höflich, aber weniger formell als 감사합니다. 고맙다 → 고마워요.

어디에 가십니까?

Wohin gehen Sie? (sehr formal)

합니다체-Frageform: -ㅂ니까. Mit Honorativ -시-: 가십니까.

저는 학생이에요.

Ich bin Student. (höflich)

해요체 mit 이다: Konsonant → 이에요, Vokal → 예요. 학생 → 학생이에요.

Im Kurs üben

Wende diese Grammatik in den Übungen des Kurses A1 an

A1 Kurs
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