From Great Moravia to Masaryk: History in the Language

Prague uses the international word 'tramvaj' (older speakers also elektrika). Šalina is not a Prague word: it belongs to Brno

Most likely from German 'elektrische Linie' → 'šalina' - the iconic Brno word, a badge of local identity inherited from the bilingual Habsburg-era city

The Czech National Revival coined native replacements for German loanwords; 'závin' (from 'zavinout' = to roll up) is the written word all over the country, in cookbooks and on bakery labels

'Štrúdl' (from Austrian German 'Strudel') lives on in everyday speech in Moravia and Bohemia alike; dictionaries record it as common colloquial, not regional. So štrúdl/závin is speech against writing, not Moravia against Bohemia

Standard Czech word, itself from German 'Karbonade' - but adopted earlier and considered 'Czech' by the Revival generation

From Austrian German 'Faschiertes' (minced meat). Dictionaries record it as common colloquial Czech, but today it is heard mostly in Moravia, like Slovak 'fašírka' next door

Standard Czech, short for 'rajské jablíčko' (little paradise apple): the Revival-era habit of translating a foreign name into Czech parts

The eastern Moravian word, shared with Slovak; it goes back to Austrian German 'Paradeiser'. Same paradise apple, but the name came straight from Vienna instead of being translated

Bohemia uses the French-via-German loanword 'bonbon' or diminutive 'cukrátko' (from 'cukr' = sugar)

Colloquial word for a sweet, from Austrian German 'Zuckerl'. Dictionaries mark it as common colloquial, but today it is heard mostly in Moravia, like fašírka - part of the Austrian layer of everyday Moravian speech

'Kluk' is the everyday word for a boy all over the country, Moravia included; 'chlapec' is the neutral standard word, common in writing and careful speech

Dialect word for a lad in eastern Moravia - Wallachia and the Lach region around Ostrava (vocative 'ogare!'). Without context, a Bohemian listener may not understand it at all

The colloquial Bohemian (and nationwide) verb for crying; the written standard prefers 'plakat'. 'Nebreč!' = Stop crying!

In the standard language 'bečet' means to bleat, like a sheep or a calf. In much of Moravia it is simply the everyday word for crying: 'Nebeč!' (Stop crying!) is what a Moravian grandmother says to a sobbing child. Same sound-picture, different animal

Written jsem, as in the old written tradition the Revival followed. Everyone pronounces it [sɛm] - the j- is silent in the standard too - and obecná simply writes it the way it sounds: sem

Central and eastern Moravian 'su' comes from older 'jsu', a first-person form built by analogy with verbs like 'nesu' (I carry) and 'vezu' (I drive). It is not older than 'jsem', which continues Proto-Slavic *jesmь, but it is old enough: the analogical form is centuries old. The Lach dialects around Ostrava say sem. The Revival simply chose the written form

Standard 'oni' is what was written; Bohemian colloquial adds prothetic v- → 'voni', a feature the written standard never took but which became a hallmark of obecná čeština

Eastern Moravian speakers naturally say 'oni', without prothetic v-, so here the standard matches eastern Moravian speech. Around Brno, though, you will hear 'voni' too: the v- reaches into central Moravia

Bohemian obecná uses a single plural ending -ý for all genders (the é→í/ý shift again): 'krásný holky', 'krásný kluci'. The standard keeps 'krásné holky' and 'krásní kluci' apart

Eastern Moravia keeps the -é here, because it never had the é→í shift - a point where the eastern 'dialect' and the codified standard happen to coincide. Haná has its own forms, and the Lach dialects, with no long vowels at all, say 'krásne'

Obecná keeps the genders apart, just with other vowels: dobrej chlap (masculine, ý→ej) but dobrý pivo (neuter, é→ý). What it does merge is the plural: dobrý lidi, dobrý ženy, dobrý města

Eastern Moravia says dobré pivo (neuter) and dobrý chlap (masculine), just as the written standard has it. Haná makes the masculine dobré (ý→é), so there the masculine borrows the vowel the standard keeps for the neuter

Colloquial é→í ('mléko'→'mlíko'). The written standard kept é, but mlíko is everyday speech for most Czechs - in Bohemia, and in Haná and the Brno region too

Eastern Moravian speakers naturally say 'mléko' with the original é - the standard form (the Lach dialects have a short mleko). Here the eastern 'dialect' speakers sound closer to the textbook than most Czechs

Colloquial Czech spreads the old dual ending of rukama, nohama (standard for everyone) to all nouns: s kamarádama, se ženama. It is used across all education levels in everyday speech

Moravia says it too: -ma/-ama is the instrumental plural of the Central and East Moravian dialects themselves (s domama in Haná, -ama in Slovácko and Valašsko). The written -ami/-y is what careful speakers use everywhere. This is not a border at all, just colloquial against written