The discourse particles k'i (contrast/yes) and khom (confirmation), plus the polite-offer pattern khom ar.
I can contrast, seek confirmation, and make polite offers with k'i and khom.
Look at these examples. Can you spot the grammar pattern?
მე ხინკალი მიყვარს, ჩემს მეუღლეს კი ხაჭაპური.
I love khinkali, while my spouse loves khachapuri.
ხომ იცი, სად ვცხოვრობ?
You do know where I live, right?
ყავა ხომ არ გინდა? - კი, სიამოვნებით!
Would you perhaps like some coffee? - Yes, with pleasure!
Pay attention to the highlighted parts. What do they have in common?
კი in second position contrasts (ნინოს კი... - whereas Nino...); standalone it means 'yes'. ხომ seeks confirmation (ხომ იცი? - you know, right?), and ხომ არ turns questions into polite offers (ხომ არ გინდა? - wouldn't you like...?). These three patterns make your Georgian sound alive.
Apply this grammar in B1 course exercises
Practice ExercisesReading khom ar ginda as 'you don't want' (it's a polite offer!) and putting contrastive k'i first in its clause.
Misplacing second-position ki or reading khom ar as plain negation
Particle-slot drills and offer/confirmation role-plays.
მე ხინკალი მიყვარს, ჩემს მეუღლეს კი ხაჭაპური.
I love khinkali, while my spouse loves khachapuri.
Second-position k'i = the contrast 'while/whereas' - exactly Russian 'а'.
ხომ იცი, სად ვცხოვრობ?
You do know where I live, right?
khom expects a yes: 'you know, right?' - Russian ved', German doch.
ყავა ხომ არ გინდა? - კი, სიამოვნებით!
Would you perhaps like some coffee? - Yes, with pleasure!
khom ar softens an offer into politeness; the answer k'i here means plain 'yes'.
Practice in course
Apply this grammar in B1 course exercises