By what means, in whose company, and what someone works as. The means takes no preposition at all: the ending alone carries what English says with "with".
I can say by what means something is done, who I did it with, and what someone works as.
Podívejte se na tyto příklady. Dokážete rozpoznat gramatický vzorec?
Я пішу ручкай, а не алоўкам.
I write with a pen, not a pencil.
Мы едзем у Гродна цягніком.
We are going to Hrodna by train.
Гарбату п'ём з мёдам і са смятанай.
We drink tea with honey and with sour cream.
Мая маці працуе настаўніцай у школе.
My mother works as a teacher at a school.
Zaměřte se na zvýrazněné části. Co mají společného?
| Job | Example |
|---|---|
| The means - by what | пішу ручкай, еду аўтобусам |
| Company, after з | з сябрам, з мёдам |
| What someone works as | працуе настаўніцай |
| After пад, над, перад, за, паміж | пад сталом, паміж вокнамі |
This is the point English speakers miss. Пішу ручкай - I write with a pen - has no word for "with" in it at all; the ending does the job. Adding з changes the meaning to company, so пішу з ручкай would mean the pen came along for the walk.
| Masculine | -ам / -ем | брат → братам |
| Feminine | -ай / -яй | сястра → сястрой; кніга → кнігай |
| Neuter | -ам | акно → акном |
| Plural | -амі / -ямі | сябры → сябрамі |
Before a word beginning with с or з the preposition is written са: са смятанай, са здорам, са сваімі.
Použijte tuto gramatiku ve cvičeních kurzu A2
Procvičovací cvičeníTypical errors: adding з to the means, because English says "with a pen". The instrumental alone carries it; з would make the pen a companion.
Adding з to the means
Пішу ручкай, not пішу з ручкай. The ending carries "with".
Using the Russian instrumental ending
Кнігай, настаўніцай, сябрамі - with -ай and -амі.
Writing з before a word beginning with с or з
It becomes са: са смятанай, са здорам, са сваімі.
Always using на with transport
The bare instrumental is more idiomatic: еду аўтобусам, цягніком, маршруткай.
Я пішу ручкай, а не алоўкам.
I write with a pen, not a pencil.
The means takes the bare instrumental - no word for "with" appears.
Мы едзем у Гродна цягніком.
We are going to Hrodna by train.
Transport in the instrumental - shorter and more idiomatic than <em>на цягніку</em>.
Гарбату п'ём з мёдам і са смятанай.
We drink tea with honey and with sour cream.
Both take <em>з</em>, but before <em>с</em> it is written <strong>са</strong>.
Мая маці працуе настаўніцай у школе.
My mother works as a teacher at a school.
A profession after <em>працаваць</em> goes into the instrumental.
Дыван ляжыць пад сталом, паміж вокнамі.
The carpet lies under the table, between the windows.
Two prepositions of position, both taking the instrumental.
Procvičit v kurzu
Použijte tuto gramatiku ve cvičeních kurzu A2