By what means, in whose company, and what someone works as. The means takes no preposition at all: the ending alone carries what English says with "with".
I can say by what means something is done, who I did it with, and what someone works as.
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Я пішу ручкай, а не алоўкам.
I write with a pen, not a pencil.
Мы едзем у Гродна цягніком.
We are going to Hrodna by train.
Гарбату п'ём з мёдам і са смятанай.
We drink tea with honey and with sour cream.
Мая маці працуе настаўніцай у школе.
My mother works as a teacher at a school.
Zaměřte se na zvýrazněné části. Co mají společného?
| Job | Example |
|---|---|
| The means - by what | пішу ручкай, еду аўтобусам |
| Company, after з | з сябрам, з мёдам |
| What someone works as | працуе настаўніцай |
| After пад, над, перад, за, паміж | пад сталом, паміж вокнамі |
This is the point English speakers miss. Пішу ручкай - I write with a pen - has no word for "with" in it at all; the ending does the job. Adding з changes the meaning to company, so пішу з ручкай would mean the pen came along for the walk.
| Masculine | -ам / -ем, under stress -ом / -ём | брат → братам; стол → сталом |
| Feminine | -ай / -яй, under stress -ой / -ёй | кніга → кнігай; сястра → сястрой; зямля → зямлёй |
| Neuter | -ам, under stress -ом | мора → морам; акно → акном |
| Plural | -амі / -ямі | сябры → сябрамі; вокны → вокнамі |
Stress decides the vowel: -ой / -ом only under stress (сястрой, сталом, акном); unstressed, akanne turns it into -ай / -ам (кнігай, братам, настаўніцай).
Before a word beginning with с or з the preposition is written са: са смятанай, са здорам, са сваімі. It is also са before some other consonant clusters: са мной.
Použijte tuto gramatiku ve cvičeních kurzu A2
Procvičovací cvičeníTypical errors: adding з to the means, because English says "with a pen". The instrumental alone carries it; з would make the pen a companion.
Я пішу ручкай, а не алоўкам.
I write with a pen, not a pencil.
The means takes the bare instrumental - no word for "with" appears.
Мы едзем у Гродна цягніком.
We are going to Hrodna by train.
Transport in the instrumental - shorter and more idiomatic than <em>на цягніку</em>.
Гарбату п'ём з мёдам і са смятанай.
We drink tea with honey and with sour cream.
Both take <em>з</em>, but before <em>с</em> it is written <strong>са</strong>.
Мая маці працуе настаўніцай у школе.
My mother works as a teacher at a school.
A profession after <em>працаваць</em> goes into the instrumental.
Дыван ляжыць пад сталом, паміж вокнамі.
The carpet lies under the table, between the windows.
Two prepositions of position, both taking the instrumental.
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Použijte tuto gramatiku ve cvičeních kurzu A2