One spelling, -цца, covers what Russian splits into two, and the ending does five different jobs - only one of which is genuinely reflexive.
I can use reflexive verbs in all persons and tenses, and tell the verb ending from the pronoun сябе.
Podívejte se na tyto příklady. Dokážete rozpoznat gramatický vzorec?
Раніцай я мыюся і апранаюся.
In the morning I wash and get dressed.
Мы сустракаемся каля ратушы.
We are meeting by the town hall.
Яны вучацца ва ўніверсітэце ў Полацку.
They study at the university in Polatsk.
Змяркаецца, і мне здаецца, што будзе дождж.
It is getting dark, and it seems to me it will rain.
Zaměřte se na zvýrazněné části. Co mají společného?
Belarusian writes -цца in the infinitive and in the third person alike. Russian splits these into two spellings and drills schoolchildren on telling them apart; Belarusian has one form and no test to apply.
In the other persons the ending is -ся after a consonant and after -ш: мыюся, мыешся, мыемся, мыецеся.
| Job | Example |
|---|---|
| True reflexive - the action returns to the doer | мыюся, апранаюся |
| Reciprocal - to each other | сустракаемся, вітаемся, цалуюцца |
| Only exists this way | смяюся, спадзяюся, баюся, здаецца |
| A state rather than an act | здаецца, змяркаецца, застаецца |
| Passive-like | Кніга добра чытаецца - the book reads well |
Only the first is reflexive in the dictionary sense. The others simply are what they are, and the ending cannot be removed from them.
Both halves of the pair carry it: вяртацца - вярнуцца, сустракацца - сустрэцца, апранацца - апрануцца.
The reflexive ending goes on after the gender ending: вярнуўся (m), вярнулася (f), вярнуліся (pl). The masculine keeps its -ў underneath.
Сябе is a separate reflexive pronoun and declines: сябе, сабе, сабой. It is not interchangeable with the verb ending. Ён купіў сабе кнігу - he bought himself a book - needs the pronoun, because the action goes to him as a recipient, not back onto him as an object.
Použijte tuto gramatiku ve cvičeních kurzu A2
Procvičovací cvičeníTypical errors: dropping the ending from verbs that only exist with it, and using the verb ending where the pronoun сабе is needed.
Writing -ться or -тся
Belarusian has one spelling for both: -цца.
Using -сь instead of -ся
Мыюся, вучуся, смяюся - always -ся.
Removing the ending from a verb that only exists with it
Вучыцца, смяяцца, спадзявацца, баяцца have no form without it.
Using the verb ending where сабе is needed
Ён купіў сабе кнігу - the pronoun marks a recipient, the ending marks an object.
Раніцай я мыюся і апранаюся.
In the morning I wash and get dressed.
True reflexives, and the ending is <em>-ся</em> in the first person: <em>мыюся</em>.
Мы сустракаемся каля ратушы.
We are meeting by the town hall.
Reciprocal - the action goes both ways between the people.
Яны вучацца ва ўніверсітэце ў Полацку.
They study at the university in Polatsk.
<em>Вучыцца</em> is the reflexive of <em>вучыць</em> (to teach): removing the ending gives a different verb, not a non-word.
Змяркаецца, і мне здаецца, што будзе дождж.
It is getting dark, and it seems to me it will rain.
Two state verbs, both impersonal, both in <em>-цца</em>.
Ён купіў сабе новы світэр і вярнуўся дадому.
He bought himself a new jumper and went home.
The pronoun <em>сабе</em> for the recipient, and the verb ending on <em>вярнуўся</em> - two different mechanisms in one sentence.
Procvičit v kurzu
Použijte tuto gramatiku ve cvičeních kurzu A2