Every alternation the course has met, in one place: akanne, jakanne, the five consonant changes, and the о that becomes а only when the stress moves off it.
I can predict how a word changes when its ending or stress moves, and work backwards from an unfamiliar form to its root.
Schau dir diese Beispiele an. Kannst du das grammatische Muster erkennen?
Горад вялікі, а гарады розныя.
The city is big, and cities vary.
У лесе цёмна, а лясы навокал старыя.
It is dark in the forest, and the woods around are old.
Кніга ў руцэ, а другая ў кнізе закладзена.
One book is in my hand, and another is tucked into the book.
Я магу, а ты можаш - гэта адзін дзеяслоў.
I can and you can - it is one verb.
Achte auf die hervorgehobenen Teile. Was haben sie gemeinsam?
The alternations have turned up module by module - in the plural, in the locative, in the second conjugation, in the prefixes. They are not separate rules. They are three sound laws applied wherever the shape of a word changes.
Belarusian writes what is said, so a vowel that loses the stress changes on paper:
This is why a Belarusian word can look different from its own root: горад and гарады are the same word with the stress in two places.
It applies only in the syllable immediately before the stress. Further back, the vowel stays е.
| г → з | кніга → у кнізе | before the locative and dative endings |
| к → ц | рука → у руцэ | same |
| х → с | страха → на страсе | same |
| д → дз | горад → у горадзе | dzekanne |
| т → ц | хата → у хаце | tsekanne |
| г → ж | магу → можаш | in verbs |
| к → ч | пячы → пячэш | in verbs |
The last two rows are the same laws applied inside the verb rather than the noun.
Both the preposition and the word-initial vowel: быў у Мінску but была ў Мінску; універсітэт but ва ўніверсітэце.
Once these are one system rather than a dozen exceptions, an unfamiliar form stops being opaque: work backwards from the sound law and the root appears.
Wende diese Grammatik in den Übungen des Kurses B1 an
ÜbungsaufgabenTypical errors: treating each alternation as an exception to be memorised separately, instead of working backwards from the sound law.
Missing д→дз and т→ц in case forms
У горадзе, у хаце, у садзе - these laws have no Russian counterpart.
Keeping an unstressed о
Akanne is written: гарады, галава, малако.
Keeping е in the syllable before the stress
Лясы, сямнаццаць, вятры.
Not alternating у and ў
ў after a vowel, у after a consonant.
Горад вялікі, а гарады розныя.
The city is big, and cities vary.
Akanne visible in one line: the stress moves and the о is written а.
У лесе цёмна, а лясы навокал старыя.
It is dark in the forest, and the woods around are old.
Jakanne: <em>лес</em> gives <em>лясы</em> when the stress moves to the ending.
Кніга ў руцэ, а другая ў кнізе закладзена.
One book is in my hand, and another is tucked into the book.
Two consonant alternations in one sentence: <em>к → ц</em> and <em>г → з</em>.
Я магу, а ты можаш - гэта адзін дзеяслоў.
I can and you can - it is one verb.
<em>Г → ж</em> inside the verb: the same law as in the nouns.
Ён быў у Мінску, а яна была ў Гродне.
He was in Minsk and she was in Hrodna.
The у / ў rule twice: after a consonant sound, then after a vowel.
Im Kurs üben
Wende diese Grammatik in den Übungen des Kurses B1 an