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  1. Startseite
  2. ›Grammatik
  3. ›C2
  4. ›हिंदी का विकास
इतिहासC2

हिंदी का विकास

संस्कृत से अपभ्रंश तक, अपभ्रंश से खड़ी बोली तक

Lernziel

I can explain why Hindi has the vocabulary layers it has

Prüfungskompetenzen:बोलनालिखना

Schau dir diese Beispiele an. Kannst du das grammatische Muster erkennen?

hath und hast stammen von derselben Wurzel.

Tulsidas schrieb auf Awadhi.

Khari Boli wurde im 19. Jahrhundert zum Standard.

Achte auf die hervorgehobenen Teile. Was haben sie gemeinsam?

The line of descent

Sanskrit gave way to the Prakrits, the Prakrits to Apabhramsha, and Apabhramsha to the early forms of the modern North Indian languages around the tenth century. Braj and Awadhi carried the literary tradition for centuries; खड़ी बोली became the standard only in the nineteenth.

Why the vocabulary is layered

  • तद्भव - inherited and worn down: हाथ from हस्त.
  • तत्सम - reborrowed from Sanskrit unchanged, mostly in the modern period.
  • Perso-Arabic - through centuries of Persian administration.
  • English - colonial and continuing.

What this explains

Why हाथ and हस्त both exist and mean the same thing at different registers; why the formal word is often the newer borrowing rather than the older one; and why the standard has a shorter literary history than the dialects around it.

Wende diese Grammatik in den Übungen des Kurses C2 an

Übungsaufgaben

Assuming the formal word is always the older one.

Häufige Fehlermuster

Formal word assumed to be the older one

tatsam borrowings are often modern re-imports.

Standard assumed to be the oldest variety

Braj and Awadhi carried literature long before Khari Boli.

hath und hast stammen von derselben Wurzel.

Inherited against reborrowed, like gorod and grad.

Tulsidas schrieb auf Awadhi.

The literary tradition predates the standard.

Khari Boli wurde im 19. Jahrhundert zum Standard.

About the same period the Russian standard settled.

Im Kurs üben

Wende diese Grammatik in den Übungen des Kurses C2 an

C2 Kurs
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Quellen

  1. Outline of Hindi Grammar — Oxford University Press, 1995
  2. देवनागरी लिपि तथा हिंदी वर्तनी का मानकीकरण — केंद्रीय हिंदी निदेशालय, शिक्षा मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार, 1983

Verwandte Grammatikthemen

  • तत्सम, तद्भव और उर्दू शब्द
  • खड़ी बोली और अन्य बोलियाँ