Особові займенники перської мови: من, تو, او, ما, شما, آن‌ها, ввічливе شما і шанобливе ایشان, розмовні тегеранські форми та чому займенник зазвичай опускають.
Умію вибирати між تو і شما, правильно називати людей займенниками й опускати займенник, коли особу видно із закінчення дієслова.
Подивіться на ці приклади. Чи можете ви помітити граматичну закономірність?
من دانشجو هستم.
Я студент/ка.
او دکتر است.
Він/вона — лікар.
شما از کجا هستید؟
Звідки ви? (ввічливо)
ما ایرانی هستیم.
Ми іранці.
Зверніть увагу на виділені частини. Що у них спільного?
Persian has six basic personal pronouns and no grammatical gender, so one word, او (u), covers both he and she. The verb ending already shows the person, which is why the pronoun is usually left out unless you want to stress or contrast it.
Romanization follows Tehran pronunciation: â is the long a, kh is the "ch" of Scottish loch, gh stands for both غ and ق, and ' marks a glottal stop.
| Persian | Written | Spoken (Tehran) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| من | man | man | I |
| تو | to | to | you (one person you know well) |
| او | u | u, often un | he, she |
| ما | mâ | mâ | we |
| شما | shomâ | shomâ | you (polite singular, or plural) |
| آن‌ها | ânhâ | unâ | they |
Spoken Tehran Persian very often turns â before n into u, so آن (ân) becomes un and آن‌ها (ânhâ) becomes unâ. You will hear these forms all day in Tehran and see the written ones in books, signs and the news.
تو is for family, close friends, children and people your own age once you are on familiar terms. شما is the safe default with strangers, older people, teachers, shopkeepers and taxi drivers. شما takes the plural verb ending even when you talk to one person:
When شما could be singular or plural, Tehranis say شماها (shomâhâ, you lot) to make the plural clear.
Formal Persian has ایشان (ishân) for a respected he or she, again with a plural verb: ایشان استادِ ما هستند (ishân ostâd-e mâ hastand) - He/She is our professor. In writing, ایشان can also mean they.
The ending of the verb already carries the person: هستم (hastam) is 'I am', می‌روی (miravi) 'you go'. A pronoun added on top adds emphasis or contrast:
Two habits from English get in the way. First, او refers to people: for a thing, English 'it' is آن (ân, that) or simply nothing, as in گران است (gerân ast) - It's expensive. Second, English puts a pronoun in every sentence; Persian does not, and a pronoun in every clause sounds heavy. The تو/شما choice works like French tu/vous or German du/Sie.
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Вправи для практикиمن دانشجو هستم.
Я студент/ка.
من (man) = I, هستم (hastam) = am. The verb comes last: subject, noun, verb. In speech you would more often hear دانشجویم without من.
او دکتر است.
Він/вона — лікар.
او (u) = he or she: Persian does not mark the gender of a person. For a thing you would use آن (ân, that/it) or no pronoun at all.
شما از کجا هستید؟
Звідки ви? (ввічливо)
شما (shomâ) = polite 'you', the normal choice with strangers, older people and shopkeepers. It takes the plural verb هستید even for one person.
ما ایرانی هستیم.
Ми іранці.
ما (mâ) = we, هستیم (hastim) = we are. The ending -im already says 'we', so ایرانی هستیم alone is a full sentence.
ایشان استادِ ما هستند.
Він/вона - наш викладач.
ایشان (ishân) is the respectful 'he/she' of formal Persian, used with a plural verb (هستند). Written and formal register.
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