How Belarusian names, surnames and place names decline, and why the same city has two spellings in English.
I can decline Belarusian names, patronymics, surnames and place names, and I know which surnames stay unchanged.
Podívejte se na tyto příklady. Dokážete rozpoznat gramatický vzorec?
Янка прыйшоў разам з Алесяй.
Janka came together with Alesia.
Я бачыў Савіча і Ганну Савіч на плошчы.
I saw Savic and Hanna Savic on the square.
Мы жывём у Мінску, а бацькі - пад Полацкам.
We live in Minsk, and my parents near Polack.
Дзякуй, Пятро Іванавіч, за адказ.
Thank you, Piatro Ivanavic, for the reply.
Zaměřte se na zvýrazněné části. Co mají společného?
Belarusian first names decline like ordinary nouns of their gender: Янка - Янкі - Янку, Алеся - Алесі - Алесю. Note that Янка, though it ends in -а, is a man's name and takes masculine agreement with feminine endings - Янка прыйшоў, not прыйшла. This is the same pattern as дзядуля and стараста.
Formed as in Russian but with Belarusian phonetics: -авіч / -евіч for men, -аўна / -еўна for women. Іван gives Іванавіч and Іванаўна; Пятро gives Пятровіч and Пятроўна.
Full formal address is name plus patronymic, as in Russian. The revived alternative is спадар or спадарыня plus the surname, which many people now prefer.
| Type | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|
| -віч, -іч | declines: Савіч, Савіча | does not decline: Савіч |
| -скі, -цкі | declines as adjective: Дубоўскі, Дубоўскага | Дубоўская, Дубоўскай |
| -ка, -а | declines: Каваленка, Каваленкі | declines the same way |
| -оў, -еў | declines: Сідараў, Сідарава | Сідарава, Сідаравай |
The rule that catches people: a surname in -віч does not decline for a woman. Я бачыў Савіча but Я бачыў Ганну Савіч.
Belarusian place names decline: у Мінску, з Гародні, пад Полацкам, на Палессі. Note у Мінску - the locative in -у, not -е.
Several cities carry two forms, because the standard Belarusian name and the Russian-derived international name differ:
| Belarusian | Older international form |
|---|---|
| Гародня / Гродна | Grodno |
| Полацк | Polotsk |
| Віцебск | Vitebsk |
| Магілёў | Mogilev |
| Наваградак | Novogrudok |
This is not a spelling curiosity. Which form somebody uses is often a statement, and it is worth knowing that before you pick one.
Použijte tuto gramatiku ve cvičeních kurzu B2
Procvičovací cvičeníTypical errors: declining a woman's surname in -віч, and using -е instead of -у in the locative of city names.
Янка прыйшоў разам з Алесяй.
Janka came together with Alesia.
<em>Янка</em> is a man's name: feminine ending, masculine agreement.
Я бачыў Савіча і Ганну Савіч на плошчы.
I saw Savic and Hanna Savic on the square.
The same surname: declined for the man, unchanged for the woman.
Мы жывём у Мінску, а бацькі - пад Полацкам.
We live in Minsk, and my parents near Polack.
The locative in -у, and <em>пад</em> with the instrumental.
Дзякуй, Пятро Іванавіч, за адказ.
Thank you, Piatro Ivanavic, for the reply.
Formal address with a patronymic in <em>-авіч</em>.
Цягнік з Гародні прыходзіць а восьмай.
The train from Hrodna arrives at eight.
<em>Гародня</em> declines; the international form Grodno is indeclinable in Russian.
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Použijte tuto gramatiku ve cvičeních kurzu B2