Interjections, particles, suffixes and word order - the four layers Belarusian uses to say how you feel about what you are saying.
I can convey attitude through interjections, particles, suffixes and word order, and judge how much is too much.
Schau dir diese Beispiele an. Kannst du das grammatische Muster erkennen?
Эх, каб жа ведаць раней!
Ah, if only I had known sooner!
Ты ж сам абяцаў, што прыйдзеш.
You promised yourself that you would come.
Зроблена абы як, давядзецца перарабляць.
It has been done any old how; it will have to be redone.
Змерз ажно да касцей, пакуль дайшоў.
I was chilled to the bone by the time I got there.
Achte auf die hervorgehobenen Teile. Was haben sie gemeinsam?
Attitude is not carried by adjectives alone. Belarusian marks it at four levels at once, and a fluent speaker uses all of them without thinking.
| Word | Feeling |
|---|---|
| ой | surprise, alarm, mild pain |
| эх | regret, resignation |
| ах | admiration or dismay |
| ну | impatience, or a prompt |
| ага | recognition, sometimes sceptical |
| божачкі | dismay, affectionately exaggerated |
Эх is worth dwelling on: it carries a resigned wistfulness that no single English word matches, and it opens a great many lines of Belarusian song.
Абы як and абы што are worth having: they are the everyday way of saying that something was done without care.
Diminutives carry warmth, augmentatives carry roughness, and both attach to almost anything - see the article on evaluative suffixes. The point here is that they are an emotional channel running in parallel with the words themselves, so Дай мне тую кніжачку and Дай мне тую кнігу differ in feeling and not in meaning.
Fronting an adjective or adverb intensifies it: Добры ж быў дзень! Combined with a particle this is the standard exclamatory pattern, and it does more work than any adverb could.
Belarusian written registers are less effusive than the spoken language. A letter or a piece of prose that uses every channel at once reads as overwrought; the usual practice is one strong marker per sentence and plain language around it. That contrast is what makes the marker land.
Wende diese Grammatik in den Übungen des Kurses C2 an
ÜbungsaufgabenTypical errors: using all four channels at once, and translating an interjection instead of choosing the Belarusian one.
Using all four channels at once
One strong marker per sentence.
Translating an interjection
Эх, ажно and абы як have no clean equivalents.
Swapping хіба and няўжо
Хіба expects no; няўжо expresses disbelief.
Carrying spoken expressiveness into formal prose
Written registers are more restrained.
Эх, каб жа ведаць раней!
Ah, if only I had known sooner!
<em>Эх</em> plus the conditional - resignation about what cannot be changed.
Ты ж сам абяцаў, што прыйдзеш.
You promised yourself that you would come.
The particle <em>ж</em> turns a statement into a reproach.
Зроблена абы як, давядзецца перарабляць.
It has been done any old how; it will have to be redone.
<em>Абы як</em> - the everyday judgement on careless work.
Змерз ажно да касцей, пакуль дайшоў.
I was chilled to the bone by the time I got there.
<em>Ажно</em> marks the degree reached.
Добры ж быў дзень учора!
What a fine day yesterday was!
Fronted adjective plus particle - the standard exclamatory pattern.
Im Kurs üben
Wende diese Grammatik in den Übungen des Kurses C2 an