Verneinung im Persischen: das Präfix نـ (نمی im Präsens), نیست für „ist nicht“, ندارم, verneinte Befehle, die doppelte Verneinung mit هیچ und چرا als „doch“ auf eine verneinte Frage.
Kann sagen, was ich nicht tue, nicht habe und nicht bin, „niemand“ und „nichts“ richtig verwenden und eine verneinte Frage mit چرا beantworten.
Schau dir diese Beispiele an. Kannst du das grammatische Muster erkennen?
امروز گوشت نمیخورم.
Heute esse ich kein Fleisch.
دیروز هیچکس به کلاس نیامد.
Gestern ist niemand zum Unterricht gekommen.
مگه نرفتی بازار؟ چرا، رفتم.
Warst du nicht auf dem Basar? Doch, war ich.
علی خانه نیست.
Ali ist nicht zu Hause.
Achte auf die hervorgehobenen Teile. Was haben sie gemeinsam?
Persian negates the verb itself: a prefix نـ (na- or ne-) is glued to the front of it and takes the stress. Persian does not put a separate word like English 'not' or 'don't' before the verb. The one verb that works differently is 'to be', whose negative is the word نیست.
Romanization follows Tehran pronunciation: â is the long a, kh is the "ch" of Scottish loch, gh stands for both غ and ق, and ' marks a glottal stop.
| Verb form | Positive | Negative | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| present | میخورم (mikhoram) | نمیخورم (nemikhoram) | I don't eat / I'm not eating |
| past | خوردم (khordam) | نخوردم (nakhordam) | I didn't eat |
| to be | هستم / -am | نیستم (nistam) | I'm not |
| to have | دارم (dâram) | ندارم (nadâram) | I don't have |
| command | بخور (bokhor) | نخور (nakhor) | eat! / don't eat! |
| want to + verb | میخواهم بروم | نمیخواهم بروم | I (don't) want to go |
Before می the prefix is ne-: نمیروم (nemiravam). Before a stem that starts with a vowel, a y slides in: آمد (âmad, came) → نیامد (nayâmad, didn't come); spoken Tehran says nayumad. In compound verbs the prefix goes on the verb part: کار نمیکنم (kâr nemikonam) - I don't work.
'No' as an answer is نه (na), or the politer نخیر (nakheyr); 'yes' is بله (bale), spoken also آره (âre). Words built on هیچ (hich) mean 'no-' and in statements they need a negative verb as well:
| Written | Spoken | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| هیچکس (hichkas) | هیچکی (hichki) | nobody |
| هیچچیز (hichchiz) | هیچی (hichi) | nothing |
| هیچوقت (hichvaght) | هیچوقت | at no time |
| هیچجا (hichjâ) | هیچجا | nowhere |
To ask 'have you ever...?', everyday Persian uses تا حالا (tâ hâlâ, until now) or هیچوقت with a positive verb: تا حالا اصفهان رفتی؟ (tâ hâlâ Esfahân rafti?) - Have you ever been to Isfahan? هیچ on its own in this sense sounds bookish.
نه ... نه ... carries the negation itself, so in standard Persian the verb stays positive: نه چای میخورم نه قهوه. (na chây mikhoram na ghahve) - I drink neither tea nor coffee.
To contradict a negative question, Persian uses چرا (cherâ), which otherwise means 'why', much like French si or German doch: مگه نرفتی بازار؟ چرا، رفتم. - Didn't you go to the bazaar? Yes, I did. Answering بله here would be heard as agreeing that you did not go.
English 'nobody came' is grammatical with a positive verb; in Persian the verb has to be negative too, as in many European languages. And the negative sits on the verb at the end of the sentence, so you learn that a sentence is negative when you reach its last word.
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Übungsaufgabenامروز گوشت نمیخورم.
Heute esse ich kein Fleisch.
نمیخورم (nemikhoram): the negative of the present is نـ + می + stem + ending. The same in speech and writing.
دیروز هیچکس به کلاس نیامد.
Gestern ist niemand zum Unterricht gekommen.
هیچکس (hichkas) needs a negative verb: نیامد (nayâmad), with y between نـ and آمد. Written register; spoken: هیچکی نیومد.
مگه نرفتی بازار؟ چرا، رفتم.
Warst du nicht auf dem Basar? Doch, war ich.
Spoken: مگه (mage) marks surprise. چرا (cherâ) contradicts the negative question, like German doch.
علی خانه نیست.
Ali ist nicht zu Hause.
نیست (nist) = is not: 'to be' has its own negative word. Written register; spoken: علی خونه نیست.
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