Grammar Reference

Hangul consonants: 14 basic + 5 double consonants

Can recognize and pronounce all 19 Hangul consonants including the lax/aspirated/tense distinction

Hangul vowels: 10 basic + 11 compound vowels

Can recognize and pronounce all 21 Hangul vowels and distinguish basic vs compound vowels

How Hangul letters combine into syllable blocks (CV, CVC, CVCC) and 받침 rules

Can read and write Hangul syllable blocks and understand 받침 pronunciation rules

Korean SOV word order and basic sentence patterns

Can construct basic Korean sentences using SOV word order

Negative sentences: short negation (안 + verb) and long negation (-지 않다)

Can form negative sentences using both 안 and -지 않다, and distinguish 안 from 못

Korean question words: who, what, where, when, why, how, how many

Can ask basic questions using Korean question words

Topic marker particles 은/는 — marking the topic of a sentence

Can use 은/는 to mark the topic of a sentence, including contrast

Subject marker particles 이/가 — identifying the subject or presenting new information

Can use 이/가 to mark the subject and present new information in a sentence

Object marker particles 을/를 — marking the direct object of a verb

Can use 을/를 to mark the direct object of action verbs

Location particles 에 (static/destination/time) and 에서 (action location)

Can correctly choose between 에 and 에서 for location, destination, time, and action contexts

The possessive particle 의 and contracted pronoun forms

I can express possession using 의 and use contracted pronoun forms

The direction/means particle (으)로 for direction, tools, and method

I can use (으)로 to express direction, means of transport, and choice

The copula 이다 (to be) and its negative 아니다 (to not be)

Can use 이다/아니다 to identify and negate nouns in polite speech

있다 (to exist/have) and 없다 (to not exist/not have)

Can express existence and possession using 있다/없다 with correct particle usage

Giving and receiving verbs (주다/받다) and the benefactive -아/어 주다

I can express giving, receiving, and doing favors using 주다/받다 and -아/어 주다

Present tense conjugation: dictionary form (-다) to polite informal (-아/어/해요)

Can conjugate regular and common irregular verbs in the polite informal present tense

Past tense formation: -았/었/했어요 using vowel harmony

Can form past tense sentences and talk about completed actions

The progressive form -고 있다 for ongoing actions

I can describe ongoing actions and current states using -고 있다

Future tense and intention with -(으)ㄹ 거예요

I can talk about future plans and make predictions using -(으)ㄹ 거예요

Sino-Korean numbers (일, 이, 삼...) for dates, money, phone numbers, minutes

Can use Sino-Korean numbers for dates, money, phone numbers, and minutes

Native Korean numbers and their modified forms before counters

I can count using native Korean numbers and use their modified forms before counters

Korean counters (classifiers) for counting different types of objects

I can use common Korean counters to count objects, people, and animals

The connective ending -고 for linking actions and states

I can connect two actions or descriptions using -고

The causal/sequential connective -아/어서 (because, so, and then)

I can give reasons and describe sequences of events using -아/어서

The contrastive connective -지만 (but, however)

I can express contrast and opposing ideas using -지만

Expressing desire with -고 싶다 (want to do)

I can express what I want and don't want to do using -고 싶다

Expressing ability and inability with -(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다

I can express ability and inability using -(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다 and 못

Time expressions: days of the week, clock time, and time-related particles

I can tell and ask about time, days, and schedule using both number systems

Korean adjectives (descriptive verbs) and how they conjugate and modify nouns

I can use Korean adjectives as predicates and noun modifiers

Basic politeness levels: 해요체 (polite informal) and 합니다체 (polite formal)

I can use 해요체 and 합니다체 appropriately in different social contexts