мой, твой, наш, ваш and the invariable яго, яе, іх: how a possessive agrees with the thing owned rather than the owner, and where the neuter -ё and -ае endings come from.
I can say what belongs to whom, choosing the possessive by the gender and number of the thing owned, and I can tell свой from яго.
Подивіться на ці приклади. Чи можете ви помітити граматичну закономірність?
Гэта мой брат, а гэта мая сястра.
This is my brother, and this is my sister.
Маё імя Алеся. А як тваё імя?
My name is Alesia. And what is your name?
Нашае возера называецца Нарач.
Our lake is called Narach.
Яго бабуля жыве ў вёсцы пад Полацкам.
His grandmother lives in a village near Polatsk.
Зверніть увагу на виділені частини. Що у них спільного?
A Belarusian possessive agrees with the thing owned, never with the owner. Мой in мой брат and мая сястра is the same word in two shapes, chosen by the gender of брат and сястра — not by who is speaking.
| Meaning | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| my | мой | мая | маё | мае |
| your (informal) | твой | твая | тваё | твае |
| our | наш | наша | нашае | нашы |
| your (plural / polite) | ваш | ваша | вашае | вашы |
| own (any person) | свой | свая | сваё | свае |
яго (his / its), яе (her), іх (their) have a single form regardless of what follows: яго брат, яго сястра, яго дзеці. They are simply the genitive of ён, яна, яны doing possessive duty, and they are pronounced with the Belarusian fricative г.
Свой points back to the subject of the sentence, whoever that is. Ён узяў свой ровар means he took his own bike; Ён узяў яго ровар means he took someone else's. English needs "his own" to make the same distinction, and often leaves it ambiguous.
For ownership of things, Belarusian normally prefers the у + genitive construction over a verb: У мяне ёсць ровар (I have a bike), У яе ёсць сястра (she has a sister). The possessive pronoun then modifies a noun rather than carrying the sentence: Гэта мой ровар.
English possessives are chosen by the owner (his book, her book) and never change for the noun. Belarusian does the opposite for мой/твой/наш/ваш/свой and the same for яго/яе/іх, so half the system is inverted and half is familiar. Practise the inverted half first.
Застосуйте цю граматику у вправах курсу A1
Вправи для практикиTypical errors: using the English pattern and choosing the possessive by the owner (мая брат for a female speaker). Also common: replacing свой with яго and changing the meaning to someone else's.
Error with Прыналежныя займеннікі
Review Прыналежныя займеннікі.
Гэта мой брат, а гэта мая сястра.
This is my brother, and this is my sister.
One owner, two shapes of the same possessive: <em>мой</em> before a masculine noun, <em>мая</em> before a feminine one.
Маё імя Алеся. А як тваё імя?
My name is Alesia. And what is your name?
<em>Імя</em> is neuter, so the possessives are <strong>маё</strong> and <strong>тваё</strong>. Alesia is one of the most characteristically Belarusian given names.
Нашае возера называецца Нарач.
Our lake is called Narach.
The neuter of <em>наш</em> is <strong>нашае</strong>, a form with no Russian counterpart. Narach is the largest lake in Belarus.
Яго бабуля жыве ў вёсцы пад Полацкам.
His grandmother lives in a village near Polatsk.
<em>Яго</em> does not change for the feminine <em>бабуля</em> — it has one form for everything. Pronounce the <em>г</em> as a fricative, closer to English <em>h</em> than to <em>g</em>.
Кожны нясе свой кошык на Дзяды.
Everyone carries their own basket for Dziady.
<em>Свой</em> points back to the subject. Dziady is the autumn day on which families remember their dead, one of the oldest surviving Belarusian observances.
Практикувати в курсі
Застосуйте цю граматику у вправах курсу A1