někdo/něco/nějaký/některý vs nikdo/nic/žádný and obligatory double negation (Nikdo nepřišel)
I can talk about unspecified people and things and build correct multiple-negation sentences.
Hãy xem các ví dụ sau. Bạn có nhận ra quy tắc ngữ pháp không?
Někdo ti volal, ale nikdo nenechal vzkaz.
Somebody called you, but nobody left a message.
Nikdy nikomu nic neslibuju.
I never promise anything to anyone.
Nemáte nějaký stůl u okna? — Bohužel, žádný volný nemáme.
Do you have a table by the window? — Unfortunately, we have none free.
Chú ý các phần được đánh dấu. Chúng có điểm gì chung?
Czech builds its "some-" and "no-" words from the question words, with two prefixes: ně- for "some" and ni- for "no". Once you know kdo, co, kde, kam, kdy, you already know most of this topic.
| Question | some- | no- | any at all |
|---|---|---|---|
| kdo (who) | někdo | nikdo | kdokoli |
| co (what) | něco | nic | cokoli |
| jaký (what kind) | nějaký | žádný | jakýkoli |
| kde (where) | někde | nikde | kdekoli |
| kam (where to) | někam | nikam | kamkoli |
| kdy (when) | někdy | nikdy | kdykoli |
The odd one out is žádný (no, not any), which you have to learn as a word. The -koli forms also appear as -koliv; both are standard.
Standard English allows one negative: "Nobody came", "I never promise anything". Czech requires the verb to be negative as well, however many ni- words come before it: Nikdo nepřišel. Nic nevím. Nikdy nikomu nic neslibuju. That last sentence has four negatives and is perfect Czech. *Nikdo přišel is the classic English-speaker mistake.
Two everyday phrases show it: when someone apologises, Czechs say Nic se nestalo (no harm done), and the proverb for beginners is Žádný učený z nebe nespadl, nobody falls from the sky already learned.
These words decline like kdo and co: Neznám tu nikoho. Nebojím se ničeho. O ničem nevím. S nikým se nebavím. The preposition stays in front of the whole word: s nikým, o ničem.
Někdo and nikdo take a masculine singular verb, něco and nic a neuter one: Nikdo nebyl doma. Něco se stalo.
One more pair: nějaký is "some, any" of an unknown kind; některý picks "some" out of a known group: Některé houby jsou jedovaté, some mushrooms are poisonous, which every Czech mushroom picker knows.
Áp dụng ngữ pháp này vào các bài tập khóa học A2
Bài tập thực hànhNěkdo ti volal, ale nikdo nenechal vzkaz.
Somebody called you, but nobody left a message.
někdo affirmative, nikdo + negated verb in one breath.
Nikdy nikomu nic neslibuju.
I never promise anything to anyone.
Fourfold negation — perfectly correct Czech.
Nemáte nějaký stůl u okna? — Bohužel, žádný volný nemáme.
Do you have a table by the window? — Unfortunately, we have none free.
nějaký in the question, žádný + negated verb in the answer.
Bài kiểm tra cho chủ đề này đang được chuẩn bị
Luyện tập trong khóa học
Áp dụng ngữ pháp này vào các bài tập khóa học A2