Yers, palatalizations and ablaut as the key to modern irregularities: pes/psa, den/dne, kniha/knize
I can explain and predict fleeting-e and consonant alternations from their historical sources.
Look at these examples. Can you spot the grammar pattern?
Beze psa nejdu ani na krok — pes je členem rodiny.
I don't go a single step without my dog — a dog is a family member.
Ve snu jsem listoval ve staré knize o Praze.
In a dream I was leafing through an old book about Prague.
Pay attention to the highlighted parts. What do they have in common?
Tři historické procesy vysvětlují většinu „výjimek":
| Proces | Stopa | Příklady |
|---|---|---|
| zánik jerů | pohyblivé -e- | pes/psa, den/dne, švec/ševce |
| palatalizace | k→c/č, h→z/ž, ch→š | kniha→knize, ruka→ruce, Čech→Češi |
| přehláska a ablaut | a→ě, u→i | duša→duše, ľud→lid |
Pohyblivé e = bývalý jer: kde zaniklý tvrdý jer stál v silné pozici, vzniklo e (pes < pьsъ), v slabé zmizel (psa). Kdo zná pravidlo, předvídá: lev/lva, sen/snu, ocet/octa.
Apply this grammar in C2 course exercises
Practice ExercisesFleeting e treated as memorization list
One historical rule covers pes, den, lev, sen, ocet
Beze psa nejdu ani na krok — pes je členem rodiny.
I don't go a single step without my dog — a dog is a family member.
pes → psa/beze psa: the yer trace in action.
Ve snu jsem listoval ve staré knize o Praze.
In a dream I was leafing through an old book about Prague.
sen→snu (fleeting e) + kniha→knize (palatalization).
Practice in course
Apply this grammar in C2 course exercises