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CourseGrammarWords
  1. Home
  2. ›Grammar
  3. ›A1
  4. ›Past Copula
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Sentence structureA1

Past Copula

Past copula でした/だった and past negative じゃありませんでした/じゃなかった

Learning Goal

Can describe past states using でした

Exam Skills:JLPT N5

Look at these examples. Can you spot the grammar pattern?

昨日は日曜日でした。

Yesterday was Sunday.

子供の時、元気でした。

When I was a child, I was energetic.

あの映画はおもしろくなかった。

That movie wasn't interesting.

Pay attention to the highlighted parts. What do they have in common?

でした — Past Copula

To express past states ("was/were"), change です to でした (polite) or だ to だった (casual).

PoliteCasual
Present +ですだ
Present −じゃありませんじゃない
Past +でしただった
Past −じゃありませんでしたじゃなかった

Pattern: A は B でした。= A was B.

Note: じゃありませんでした is quite long — in casual speech, じゃなかった is much more common.

Apply this grammar in A1 course exercises

Practice Exercises
Confusing でした (noun/na-adj past copula) with ました (verb past tense). 🇬🇧 English speakers: English 'was' works for both — Japanese distinguishes copula past from verb past.

昨日は日曜日でした。

Yesterday was Sunday.

昨日(きのう, yesterday) + は + 日曜日(にちようび, Sunday) + でした (was)

子供の時、元気でした。

When I was a child, I was energetic.

子供(こども, child) + の + 時(とき, when) + 元気(げんき, energetic) + でした

あの映画はおもしろくなかった。

That movie wasn't interesting.

Note: This is an i-adjective past negative (covered in adjective topics). For nouns: じゃなかった

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Frequently asked questions

When do you use Past Copula?
To express past states ("was/were"), change です to でした (polite) or だ to だった (casual).
How do you form Past Copula?
Note: じゃありませんでした is quite long — in casual speech, じゃなかった is much more common.
What are common mistakes with Past Copula?
Confusing でした (noun/na-adj past copula) with ました (verb past tense). 🇬🇧 English speakers: English 'was' works for both — Japanese distinguishes copula past from verb past.

Related grammar topics

Previous topic: Negative CopulaNext topic: Basic Word Order (SOV)

Also in Sentence structure

  • Copula です/だ
  • Negative Copula
  • Basic Word Order (SOV)
  • Noun Sentences
  • Questions with か

Grammar A1·Grammar Reference