पूर्ण काल

A2 — काल

The perfect with चुका and with the past participle plus होना

I can say that something has already happened and that it had happened earlier still

The perfect with चुका and with the past participle plus होना

Examples

— I have already eaten.
— He has not come yet.
— I have seen that film.

कालA2

Доконаний час

Доконаний час із चुका та дієприкметником з होना

Мета навчання

Я можу сказати, що щось уже сталося

Навички для іспиту:बोलनालिखना

Подивіться на ці приклади. Чи можете ви помітити граматичну закономірність?

I have already eaten.

He has not come yet.

I have seen that film.

Зверніть увагу на виділені частини. Що у них спільного?

Two ways of saying 'has happened'

Hindi builds the perfect twice over, and the two are not interchangeable.

1. Past participle + होना. The participle you met in the simple past, with है or था behind it:

वह आया है। - He has come. (and is still here)
वह आया था। - He had come.
मैंने खाना खाया है। - I have eaten.

2. चुकना - to have finished doing. The bare stem, then चुका, then the auxiliary:

मैं खा चुका हूँ। - I have already eaten.
वह जा चुकी है। - She has already left.
फ़िल्म शुरू हो चुकी थी। - The film had already started.

चुकना insists on completion. आया है reports a state that still holds; खा चुका हूँ says the eating is over and closed, and it is the natural answer to an offer of food.

The ने construction still applies

With a transitive verb the perfect keeps ने and the verb keeps agreeing with the object: मैंने चिट्ठी लिखी है - I have written the letter, with लिखी feminine because चिट्ठी is.

Застосуйте цю граматику у вправах курсу A2

Вправи для практики

Using आया है where चुका है is meant, so a finished action is reported as a current state.

Типові помилки

Using the participle perfect where chukna is required

Test with 'already': if uzhe fits in Russian, use chukna.

Dropping ne from a transitive perfect

Transitive perfect keeps ne and agrees with the object: maine chitthi likhi hai.

I have already eaten.

chukna closes the action; this is the standard polite refusal of more food.

He has not come yet.

The participle plus hai reports a state that still holds.

I have seen that film.

Transitive, so ne stays and dekhi agrees with film, which is feminine.

Практикувати в курсі

Застосуйте цю граматику у вправах курсу A2

A2 Курс

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Джерела

हिन्दी व्याकरण — काशी नागरी प्रचारिणी सभा, 1920
Hindi (London Oriental and African Language Library 12) — John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006

Two ways of saying 'has happened'

Hindi builds the perfect twice over, and the two are not interchangeable.

1. Past participle + होना. The participle you met in the simple past, with है or था behind it:

वह आया है। - He has come. (and is still here)
वह आया था। - He had come.
मैंने खाना खाया है। - I have eaten.

2. चुकना - to have finished doing. The bare stem, then चुका, then the auxiliary:

मैं खा चुका हूँ। - I have already eaten.
वह जा चुकी है। - She has already left.
फ़िल्म शुरू हो चुकी थी। - The film had already started.