Perfektum

A2 — काल

Perfektum s chuka a s minulým příčestím

Dokážu říct, že se něco už stalo

Examples

— Už jsem jedl.
— Ještě nepřišel.
— Ten film jsem viděl.

कालA2

Perfektum

Perfektum s chuka a s minulým příčestím

Cíl učení

Dokážu říct, že se něco už stalo

Zkouškové dovednosti:बोलनालिखना

Podívejte se na tyto příklady. Dokážete rozpoznat gramatický vzorec?

Už jsem jedl.

Ještě nepřišel.

Ten film jsem viděl.

Zaměřte se na zvýrazněné části. Co mají společného?

Two ways of saying 'has happened'

Hindi builds the perfect twice over, and the two are not interchangeable.

1. Past participle + होना. The participle you met in the simple past, with है or था behind it:

वह आया है। - He has come. (and is still here)
वह आया था। - He had come.
मैंने खाना खाया है। - I have eaten.

2. चुकना - to have finished doing. The bare stem, then चुका, then the auxiliary:

मैं खा चुका हूँ। - I have already eaten.
वह जा चुकी है। - She has already left.
फ़िल्म शुरू हो चुकी थी। - The film had already started.

चुकना insists on completion. आया है reports a state that still holds; खा चुका हूँ says the eating is over and closed, and it is the natural answer to an offer of food.

The ने construction still applies

With a transitive verb the perfect keeps ने and the verb keeps agreeing with the object: मैंने चिट्ठी लिखी है - I have written the letter, with लिखी feminine because चिट्ठी is.

Použijte tuto gramatiku ve cvičeních kurzu A2

Procvičovací cvičení

Using आया है where चुका है is meant, so a finished action is reported as a current state.

Časté chyby

Using the participle perfect where chukna is required

Test with 'already': if uzhe fits in Russian, use chukna.

Dropping ne from a transitive perfect

Transitive perfect keeps ne and agrees with the object: maine chitthi likhi hai.

Už jsem jedl.

chukna closes the action; this is the standard polite refusal of more food.

Ještě nepřišel.

The participle plus hai reports a state that still holds.

Ten film jsem viděl.

Transitive, so ne stays and dekhi agrees with film, which is feminine.

Procvičit v kurzu

Použijte tuto gramatiku ve cvičeních kurzu A2

A2 Kurz

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Zdroje

हिन्दी व्याकरण — काशी नागरी प्रचारिणी सभा, 1920
Hindi (London Oriental and African Language Library 12) — John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006

Two ways of saying 'has happened'

Hindi builds the perfect twice over, and the two are not interchangeable.

1. Past participle + होना. The participle you met in the simple past, with है or था behind it:

वह आया है। - He has come. (and is still here)
वह आया था। - He had come.
मैंने खाना खाया है। - I have eaten.

2. चुकना - to have finished doing. The bare stem, then चुका, then the auxiliary:

मैं खा चुका हूँ। - I have already eaten.
वह जा चुकी है। - She has already left.
फ़िल्म शुरू हो चुकी थी। - The film had already started.