Plural case endings across the genders: -um in the dative, -a in the genitive, and the u-umlaut behind börnum.
I can put a noun into any plural case, with or without the article (í fjöllunum, milli húsanna).
Подивіться на ці приклади. Чи можете ви помітити граматичну закономірність?
Við gistum í tjaldi milli fjallanna.
We stayed in a tent between the mountains.
Börnunum finnst gaman í Nauthólsvík á sumrin.
The children enjoy Nauthólsvík in the summer.
Hann talar við gestina á þremur tungumálum.
He talks to the guests in three languages.
Verð á bókum hefur hækkað.
The price of books has gone up.
Зверніть увагу на виділені частини. Що у них спільного?
Two endings hold across every gender and every declension class:
That is two of the four cases learned in one line.
| Fall | hestur (kk) | borg (kvk) | barn (hk) | kona (kvk, veik) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nefnifall | hestar | borgir | börn | konur |
| Þolfall | hesta | borgir | börn | konur |
| Þágufall | hestum | borgum | börnum | konum |
| Eignarfall | hesta | borga | barna | kvenna |
| Fall | Karlkyn | Kvenkyn | Hvorugkyn |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nefnifall | hestarnir | borgirnar | börnin |
| Þolfall | hestana | borgirnar | börnin |
| Þágufall | hestunum | borgunum | börnunum |
| Eignarfall | hestanna | borganna | barnanna |
Before an -um ending a stem a turns into ö: barn - börnum, dagur - dögum, hattur - höttum. This is u-hljóðvarp, and it is the reason the dative plural often looks unfamiliar. The same change explains the neuter nominative and accusative plural, where the -u has since dropped but the ö stayed: barn - börn - börnum, land - lönd.
Застосуйте цю граматику у вправах курсу A2
Вправи для практикиLeaving the stem vowel unchanged before -um: *barnum instead of börnum, *dagum instead of dögum. - Forgetting the extra n in the definite genitive plural: hestanna, borganna, barnanna. - Using the singular article endings in the plural: *hestunum is right, but *hestinum is the singular. - Assuming the genitive plural of kona is *kona; it is kvenna.
Við gistum í tjaldi milli fjallanna.
We stayed in a tent between the mountains.
milli takes the genitive, and the definite genitive plural is fjallanna.
Börnunum finnst gaman í Nauthólsvík á sumrin.
The children enjoy Nauthólsvík in the summer.
Dative plural with the article: börnunum, with the a of barn turned into ö. Nauthólsvík is the geothermally warmed beach in Reykjavík.
Hann talar við gestina á þremur tungumálum.
He talks to the guests in three languages.
Accusative plural with the article gestina after við, then the dative plural tungumálum after á.
Verð á bókum hefur hækkað.
The price of books has gone up.
á + dative plural bókum. Icelanders buy books in quantity before Christmas, in the jólabókaflóð.
Sögur kvennanna í þorpinu voru skráðar.
The women's stories in the village were written down.
kvennanna is the definite genitive plural of kona, with the old kven- stem.
Практикувати в курсі
Застосуйте цю граматику у вправах курсу A2