Grammar Reference

Latvian alphabet, diacritics, and pronunciation rules

Can recognize Latvian letters with diacritics and apply first-syllable stress

Short vs long vowels and Latvian diphthongs

Can distinguish short and long vowels and recognize common Latvian diphthongs

Soft consonants ģ, ķ, ļ, ņ vs hard g, k, l, n

Can pronounce soft consonants ģ, ķ, ļ, ņ distinctly from their hard counterparts

Masculine and feminine noun genders in Latvian

Can identify noun gender from endings and apply basic gender agreement

Nominative case — subject form and basic sentences

Can use nominative case for subjects and predicates in simple sentences

First declension masculine nouns ending in -s

Can decline 1st declension masculine nouns across basic cases

Second declension masculine nouns ending in -is

Can decline 2nd declension nouns and handle consonant alternation in plural

Fourth declension feminine nouns ending in -a

Can decline 4th declension feminine nouns and distinguish homophonous forms by context

Fifth declension feminine nouns ending in -e

Can decline 5th declension feminine nouns and distinguish them from 4th declension

Accusative case — direct objects

Can form accusative case for direct objects across all basic declensions

Dative case — indirect objects and the 'man patīk' construction

Can use dative for indirect objects and express possession/preference with man ir/man patīk

Locative case — expressing location without prepositions

Can express location using locative case without prepositions

Personal pronouns in all basic cases

Can use personal pronouns in nominative, dative, and accusative cases

Possessive pronouns — mans, tavs, viņa, mūsu, jūsu

Can express possession using mans/tavs with gender agreement and viņa/mūsu/jūsu

Demonstrative pronouns — šis/šī (this), tas/tā (that)

Can use šis/šī and tas/tā to point out objects and people

Verb būt (to be) — present tense conjugation

Can conjugate būt (to be) in present tense and form negation with nav

1st conjugation present tense (-u, -i, -Ø, -am, -at, -Ø)

I can talk about daily activities using regular verbs.

2nd conjugation verbs with consonant stem changes

I can use 2nd conjugation verbs.

3rd conjugation with stem changes

I can use 3rd conjugation verbs.

Negation with ne- prefix

I can use negation with ne- prefix.

Past tense formation

I can use past tense formation.

Future tense formation

I can use future tense formation.

Reflexive verbs with -ties

I can use reflexive verbs with -ties.

Adjective-noun agreement in gender/number/case

I can use adjective-noun agreement in gender/number/case.

Definite vs indefinite adjective endings

I can use definite vs indefinite adjective endings.

Common adverbs: labi, ātri, šodien, vakar, rīt

I can use common adverbs: labi, ātri, šodien, vakar, rīt.

Prepositions governing specific cases

I can use prepositions governing specific cases.

Question words and formation with Vai

I can use question words and formation with vai.

SVO default word order and variations

I can use svo default word order and variations.

Numbers 1-100, ordinals, time, days of week

I can use numbers 1-100, ordinals, time, days of week.