Grammar Reference

Finnish alphabet, vowel harmony, double letters, special sounds

I can recognize and pronounce Finnish vowels and understand vowel harmony.

Consonant gradation (K-P-T): strong/weak alternation in stems

I can recognize and apply basic consonant gradation.

Personal pronouns minä, sinä, hän, me, te, he

I can use Finnish personal pronouns correctly.

Possessive structure: minun + possessive suffix, kenellä on

I can express possession.

Conjugation, negation, and usage of olla (to be)

I can conjugate olla, form negative sentences, and ask basic questions.

Verb types 1-3 conjugation patterns

I can conjugate common type 1-3 verbs.

Negation using conjugated negative verb

I can form negative sentences and questions.

Past tense (imperfect): olla in past, type 1 verbs with -i- marker

I can use past tense of olla and common verbs.

Nominative case: basic form, subject, predicate

I can use nominative for subjects and predicates.

Partitive case: after numbers, mass nouns, negation, -a/-ä/-ta/-tä

I can use partitive for quantities, substances, and negation.

Genitive case: possession (-n), with postpositions

I can use genitive for possession and completed objects.

Inessive (-ssa/-ssä = in/at) and elative (-sta/-stä = from/out of)

I can express location (in) and origin (from).

Illative case: direction into (-Vn, -seen, -hin)

I can express direction into a place.

Adessive (-lla/-llä = on/at surface) and ablative (-lta/-ltä = from surface)

I can express 'on/at' and 'from' surfaces, and say what I have.

Allative case: direction onto/to (-lle), recipient

I can express direction to surfaces and recipients.

Numbers 1-100, ordinals, telling time in Finnish

I can use numbers 1-100 and tell time.

Question formation: -ko/-kö particle, question words (mikä, kuka, missä, milloin, miksi, miten)

I can form yes/no and wh-questions.

Word order: SVO basic, topic-fronting, question inversion

I can use correct Finnish word order.

Adjective agreement: adjective matches noun in case and number

I can use adjectives agreeing with nouns.

Postpositions (after noun) and prepositions: kanssa, ilman, lähellä, edessä, takana

I can use common postpositions correctly.