Three-role verbs (mistsa, utkhra, achuka): series-ruled giver and theme, always-dative recipient, recipient echoed in the verb.
I can build give/tell/send sentences with all three roles correctly cased.
Look at these examples. Can you spot the grammar pattern?
ნინომ მეზობელს ცხელი ხაჭაპური მისცა.
Nino gave the neighbor a hot khachapuri.
სიმართლე პირდაპირ მითხარი - გაუგებრობა არ მინდა.
Tell me the truth directly - I don't want a misunderstanding.
პაპამ შვილიშვილს ძველი საათი აჩუქა და თქვა: დროს გაუფრთხილდიო.
Grandfather gifted his grandchild an old watch and said: take care of time.
Pay attention to the highlighted parts. What do they have in common?
Ditransitives (მისცა gave, უთხრა told, აჩუქა gifted, გაუგზავნა sent) juggle three roles: the giver follows the series rule (ergative in the aorist), the receiver is ALWAYS dative, the thing follows the series rule too. The receiver also echoes inside the verb: მი-სცა (to him), მო-მ-ცა (to me).
Apply this grammar in B2 course exercises
Practice ExercisesNominative recipients (*deda utkhra) and double-marking the receiver with both prefix and a redundant pronoun.
Wrong case on the recipient or theme of give/tell verbs
Gift-chain drills: who gave what to whom across the series.
ნინომ მეზობელს ცხელი ხაჭაპური მისცა.
Nino gave the neighbor a hot khachapuri.
Three roles, three cases: Ninom (ERG) mezobels (DAT) khach'ap'uri (NOM).
სიმართლე პირდაპირ მითხარი - გაუგებრობა არ მინდა.
Tell me the truth directly - I don't want a misunderstanding.
mitkhari 'tell me': the recipient lives inside the verb as m-.
პაპამ შვილიშვილს ძველი საათი აჩუქა და თქვა: დროს გაუფრთხილდიო.
Grandfather gifted his grandchild an old watch and said: take care of time.
achuka (gifted) keeps the same frame; the -o quote tags grandfather's words.
Practice in course
Apply this grammar in B2 course exercises