The four-series system: -ΡΠΎ, -Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΄Ρ, -Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ (bookish any), ΠΊΠΎΠ΅- (known to speaker); Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎ/Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎ and Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ/Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ
I command all four indefinite series plus Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ/Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ predicatives.
Look at these examples. Can you spot the grammar pattern?
ΠΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ: ΠΊΠΎΠ΅-ΠΊΡΠΎ, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π».
I have no one to go skating with: a certain someone, by the way, promised and vanished.
Π Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ -Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ - ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ.
The contract contains no hidden terms whatsoever - verified by a lawyer.
Pay attention to the highlighted parts. What do they have in common?
ΠΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ°:
| Π‘Π΅ΡΠΈΡ | ΠΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ | ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ |
|---|---|---|
| -ΡΠΎ | ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ | ΠΊΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ |
| -Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΄Ρ | Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ | ΡΠΏΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎ-Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΄Ρ |
| -Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ | Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ (ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎ) | Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ -Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ |
| ΠΊΠΎΠ΅- | Π·Π½Π°Ρ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡ | ΠΊΠΎΠ΅-ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ |
ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅: Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² (Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ), Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ/Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ: ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡ: ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½Π΅ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ.
Apply this grammar in B2 course exercises
Practice ExercisesΠ½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ/Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ collapsed
Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ = no one available; Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ + Π½Π΅ = negation
-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ in casual contexts
-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ belongs to formal writing
ΠΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ: ΠΊΠΎΠ΅-ΠΊΡΠΎ, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π».
I have no one to go skating with: a certain someone, by the way, promised and vanished.
Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌ (split predicative) + ΠΊΠΎΠ΅-ΠΊΡΠΎ (pointed hint).
Π Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ -Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ - ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ.
The contract contains no hidden terms whatsoever - verified by a lawyer.
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ -Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ: bookish any in legal register.
Practice in course
Apply this grammar in B2 course exercises