Past tense of být (to be): byl/byla/bylo/byli combined with jsem/jsi/jsme/jste
Can use the past tense of být to describe past states, locations, and conditions
例文を見てください。文法パターンを見つけられますか？
Včera jsem byl nemocný.
Yesterday I was sick.
Kde jsi byla celý večer?
Where were you all evening?
Oni nebyli na schůzce.
They were not at the meeting.
ハイライトされた部分に注目してください。共通点は何ですか？
English "I was" is one word. Czech byl jsem is two, and to an English ear it can sound like "was am". It is not a repetition. Byl says "was" and whether you are a man or a woman; jsem says "I". Drop byl and Já jsem is the present tense. Drop jsem and you get Já byl, which you will hear in casual speech, but the standard form is Byl jsem.
| Person | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| já | byl jsem | byla jsem | - |
| ty | byl jsi | byla jsi | - |
| on / ona / ono | byl | byla | bylo |
| my | byli jsme | byly jsme | - |
| vy | byli jste | byly jste | - |
| oni / ony | byli | byly | byla |
As with every Czech past, the third person stands alone: Petr byl nemocný (Petr was ill), Jana byla v Brně. And the gender shows even in the plural, where English "we were" gives nothing away: a group of women says byly jsme, men or a mixed group byli jsme.
Questions need no "did" and no change of form: say the same words with a rising voice, or start with the verb. Byl jsi v Praze? - "Have you been to Prague?" / "Were you in Prague?"
English needs a dummy subject - it was cold, there were a lot of people. Czech has none and uses the neuter bylo: Bylo hezky (It was nice out), Bylo mi špatně (I felt sick), Na Hradě bylo hodně turistů (There were a lot of tourists at the Castle). Do not go looking for a Czech "it" or "there": Bylo hezky is the whole sentence.
In casual speech jsi often shrinks to -s and attaches to the word in front: Byls tam?, Kdes byl? You will hear this constantly; in writing, use the full byl jsi.
A1コースの練習問題でこの文法を応用しましょう
練習問題Včera jsem byl nemocný.
Yesterday I was sick.
Byl jsem (masc.) — both the participle byl AND auxiliary jsem are required in 1st person.
Kde jsi byla celý večer?
Where were you all evening?
Byla jsi (fem.) — the participle agrees with the subject's gender. Question formed by inversion.
Oni nebyli na schůzce.
They were not at the meeting.
Nebyli — negation prefix ne- attaches to the participle. No auxiliary in 3rd person plural.
コースで練習
A1コースの練習問題でこの文法を応用しましょう