Live battlegrounds: feminitives (Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°, Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ), anglicisms vs purism, Π²/Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ politics, Ρ obligatory or optional
I can navigate the live normative battles and read the social meaning of each choice.
Look at these examples. Can you spot the grammar pattern?
Π ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ Β«Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β», Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ - Β«Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΒ», ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ.
One newsroom writes 'the (she-)author of the manifesto', another 'the author' - and both consider themselves right.
ΠΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ: Β«Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π»Β» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π»Β»?
Because of a dropped Ρ the heirs went to court: did he transfer 'everyone' or 'everything'?
Pay attention to the highlighted parts. What do they have in common?
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²:
| Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡ | ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π» |
|---|---|
| ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Ρ: Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°, Π±Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° | Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΡ; ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ |
| Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ: ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΆ, Π΄Π΅Π΄Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ | ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ; ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡ |
| Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π° Ρ | ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π° Π² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π³Π΄Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° (Π²ΡΠ΅/Π²ΡΡ) |
| Π²/Π½Π° Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ | Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ; ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΡ - Β«Π²Β» |
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ C2 - ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ.
Apply this grammar in C2 course exercises
Practice ExercisesContested form presented as norm
Describe the split; don't legislate
Social signaling of variants missed
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°/Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ, Ρ/Π΅: each choice speaks
Π ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ Β«Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Β», Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ - Β«Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΒ», ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ.
One newsroom writes 'the (she-)author of the manifesto', another 'the author' - and both consider themselves right.
The feminitive split, descriptively.
ΠΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ: Β«Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π»Β» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π»Β»?
Because of a dropped Ρ the heirs went to court: did he transfer 'everyone' or 'everything'?
The famous Π²ΡΠ΅/Π²ΡΡ ambiguity: Ρ matters.
Practice in course
Apply this grammar in C2 course exercises