Grammatikreferens

The hiragana syllabary — 46 basic characters plus voiced, semi-voiced, and combination marks

Can read and write all 46 basic hiragana characters and their modifications

The katakana syllabary — used for loanwords, foreign names, onomatopoeia, and emphasis

Can read and write katakana for loanwords, foreign names, and onomatopoeia

Approximately 80 basic kanji for JLPT N5 — numbers, days, common nouns and verbs

Can read and write approximately 80 basic kanji including numbers, days, and common words

Japanese pronunciation — mora timing, pitch accent basics, long vowels, and double consonants

Can pronounce Japanese words with correct mora timing, long vowels, and double consonants

The copula です/だ for stating identity and description

Can identify and describe things using the copula です/だ

Negative copula じゃありません / じゃない for negation

Can negate statements using じゃありません and じゃない

Past copula でした/だった and past negative じゃありませんでした/じゃなかった

Can describe past states using でした and じゃありませんでした

Basic Japanese word order — Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) structure

Can construct basic sentences following Japanese SOV word order

Noun sentences — A は B です pattern for identification and description

Can make noun predicate sentences to identify and describe people and things

Question formation with か particle and question words (何, 誰, どこ, いつ, etc.)

Can form yes/no and WH-questions using か and question words

Topic marker は — marks what the sentence is about

Can use は to mark the topic of a sentence

Subject marker が — marks the subject, new information, and grammatical focus

Can use が to mark the subject for new information, existence, and with question words

Object marker を — marks the direct object of a verb

Can use を to mark the direct object of a verb

Particle に — location of existence, destination, specific time points

Can use に to indicate location of existence, destination, and specific time

Particle で — location of action and means/instrument

Can use で to indicate where actions take place and by what means

Direction particle へ — indicates the direction of movement

Can use へ to indicate direction of movement

Particle と — listing items (and) and indicating accompaniment (with)

Can use と for listing items and indicating accompaniment

Particle も — means 'also/too', replaces は, が, or を

Can use も to mean 'also/too' and replace は/が/を

Possessive の — shows possession, affiliation, and noun modification

Can use の to show possession, affiliation, and modify nouns

から (from) and まで (until/to) for time and place ranges

Can use から (from) and まで (until/to) for time and place ranges

Three verb groups — Group 1 (五段 godan), Group 2 (一段 ichidan), Group 3 (irregular する/来る)

Can identify the three verb groups and understand their conjugation patterns

Polite verb form ます — present/past, affirmative/negative conjugation

Can conjugate verbs in polite ます form (present/past, affirmative/negative)

Te-form て形 — connecting verbs, making requests, and building grammar patterns

Can form and use the て form for requests, connecting actions, and progressive

ている — ongoing actions (progressive) and resulting states

Can express ongoing actions and resulting states using ている

～たい — expressing desire to do something

Can express wanting to do something

～ないでください — please don't do something

Can make negative requests (please don't)

てもいい (may/is OK to) and てはいけない (must not)

Can ask for and give permission, and express prohibition

ことができる — expressing ability ('can do')

Can express ability using ことができる

つもり — expressing intention ('plan to / intend to')

Can express intentions using つもり

～ましょう — suggesting, inviting, offering ('let's / shall we')

Can make suggestions using ましょう (let's / shall we)

い-adjectives — conjugation for present/past, affirmative/negative

Can use and conjugate い-adjectives in all four forms

な-adjectives — conjugation using copula forms

Can use and conjugate な-adjectives in all four forms

Turning adjectives into adverbs — い→く and な→に

Can turn adjectives into adverbs to modify verbs

Comparisons — より (than), のほうが (more), 一番 (most)

Can compare things using より, のほうが, and 一番

すぎる — expressing excess ('too much')

Can express excess using すぎる (too much / too many)

Demonstrative pronouns — これ (this), それ (that), あれ (that over there)

Can use これ, それ, あれ to refer to things at different distances

Demonstrative modifiers — この (this), その (that), あの (that over there) + noun

Can use この, その, あの to modify nouns at different distances

Place demonstratives — ここ (here), そこ (there), あそこ (over there)

Can use ここ, そこ, あそこ to indicate places at different distances

Numbers and counters — つ, 人, 枚, 本, 台, 匹 and more

Can count objects using appropriate counters (つ, 人, 枚, 本, 台, 匹)

Time expressions — hours, minutes, days of the week, months

Can tell time and express days of the week and months

Duration expressions — 間, 前 (ago), 後 (after)

Can express durations using 間, 前, and 後

Frequency adverbs — いつも, よく, 時々, あまり, 全然

Can use frequency adverbs (いつも, よく, 時々, あまり, 全然)

Existence verbs — いる for animate beings, ある for inanimate things

Can express existence and location using いる (animate) and ある (inanimate)

Position words — 上, 下, 中, 前, 後ろ, 隣, 間, 右, 左

Can describe relative positions using 上, 下, 中, 前, 後ろ, 隣, 間

がほしい — expressing desire to have something

Can express wanting things using がほしい

から — expressing reason/cause ('because')

Can give reasons using から (because)

けど/が — connecting contrasting or preliminary clauses ('but/however')

Can connect contrasting clauses using けど/が (but/however)

て form for connecting sequential actions

Can connect sequential actions using て form

とき — expressing 'when' for situations and conditions

Can express 'when' using とき

前に (before) and 後で (after) — temporal sequencing

Can express 'before' and 'after' using 前に and 後で