Tham khảo ngữ pháp

Nắm vững ngữ pháp với các giải thích và ví dụ toàn diện

90 chủ đề9 danh mục

Chế độ kiểm tra

Thi cử:

Alfabeto y pronunciación

Spanish alphabet, ñ, ll, rr, vowel system, stress rules

Can spell words and recognize Spanish pronunciation patterns including ñ, ll, rr

3 Ví dụ

Pronombres personales

Subject pronouns: yo, tú, él/ella, nosotros, vosotros, ellos/ellas, usted/ustedes

Can use subject pronouns to refer to people and understand tú/usted formality

3 Ví dụ

Pronombres de objeto directo

Direct object pronouns: me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las

Can replace nouns with direct object pronouns and place them correctly

3 Ví dụ

Pronombres de objeto indirecto

Indirect object pronouns: me, te, le, nos, os, les

Can use indirect object pronouns and understand pronoun doubling

3 Ví dụ

Gustar y verbos similares

Gustar (to like) and similar inverted-structure verbs

Can express likes and dislikes with gustar and similar verbs

3 Ví dụ

Pronombres interrogativos

Interrogative pronouns: qué, quién, cuál used as pronouns

Can distinguish qué, quién, and cuál as interrogative pronouns

3 Ví dụ

Pronombres indefinidos

Indefinite pronouns: algo, nada, alguien, nadie, alguno, ninguno

Can use indefinite pronouns for people and things, including double negation

3 Ví dụ

Pronombres combinados: se lo doy

Putting the indirect and direct pronouns together, and why le becomes se

Can combine direct and indirect object pronouns in the correct order and position

3 Ví dụ

Reflexivos que cambian el significado

ir/irse, dormir/dormirse, quedar/quedarse: when the pronoun changes the verb's meaning

Can distinguish verb pairs whose meaning changes with the reflexive pronoun

3 Ví dụ

Se impersonal y pasiva refleja

se habla español, se venden pisos: saying what people do without saying who

Can use impersonal se to describe customs, instructions and public notices

3 Ví dụ

Pronombres con preposición

a mí, para ti, con él, conmigo: the pronoun forms that only appear after prepositions

Can use prepositional pronouns to emphasise, contrast and clarify who is meant

3 Ví dụ

Verbos como gustar: encantar, doler, apetecer

The gustar family in full, with all pronouns, plural agreement and the a + person clarifier

Can express likes, preferences, pains and opinions using the full gustar family

3 Ví dụ

El verbo ser

Present tense conjugation of ser, uses: identity, origin, profession

Can use ser to express identity, origin, profession, and tell the time

3 Ví dụ

El verbo estar

Present tense conjugation of estar, uses: location, temporary states

Can use estar to express location, temporary states, emotions, and health

3 Ví dụ

Ser vs estar

The key distinction between ser and estar, adjective meaning changes

Can distinguish between ser and estar and understand how some adjectives change meaning

3 Ví dụ

Verbos regulares -ar

Present tense conjugation of regular -ar verbs: hablar, trabajar, estudiar

Can conjugate regular -ar verbs in the present tense for all persons

3 Ví dụ

Verbos regulares -er

Present tense conjugation of regular -er verbs: comer, beber, leer

Can conjugate regular -er verbs in the present tense and distinguish -er from -ar endings

3 Ví dụ

Verbos regulares -ir

Present tense conjugation of regular -ir verbs: vivir, escribir, abrir

Can conjugate regular -ir verbs and identify where they differ from -er verbs

3 Ví dụ

Verbos irregulares: tener y venir

Irregular stem-change verbs tener (to have) and venir (to come): e→ie

Can conjugate tener and venir, use tener for age, sensations, and obligations

3 Ví dụ

Verbos irregulares: ir y dar

Completely irregular verbs ir (to go) and dar (to give)

Can conjugate ir and dar, use ir + a for destinations

3 Ví dụ

Verbos irregulares: hacer, poner, salir

First person -go irregular verbs: hacer (to do/make), poner (to put), salir (to go out)

Can conjugate hacer, poner, salir and other -go verbs in the yo form

3 Ví dụ

Verbos reflexivos

Reflexive verbs: levantarse, llamarse, ducharse with reflexive pronouns

Can use reflexive verbs for daily routines and introductions

3 Ví dụ

Presente continuo: estar + gerundio

Present continuous: estar + gerund (-ando/-iendo) for actions happening right now

Can form the present continuous to describe actions happening right now

3 Ví dụ

Pretérito indefinido: verbos regulares

Simple past tense of regular verbs: hablé, comí, viví

Can conjugate regular verbs in the simple past tense to describe completed actions

3 Ví dụ

Pretérito indefinido: ser/ir

Past tense of ser and ir: fui, fuiste, fue — identical forms for both verbs!

Can use the past tense of ser and ir and distinguish them by context

3 Ví dụ

Pretérito indefinido: irregulares frecuentes

Common irregular past tense forms: tuve, hice, pude, estuve

Can use common irregular past tense forms to narrate past events

3 Ví dụ

Imperativo afirmativo (tú)

Affirmative commands for tú: habla, come, vive + common irregulars

Can give basic commands and instructions using the tú imperative

3 Ví dụ

Verbos con cambio de raíz: el sistema completo

Stem-changing verbs (e>ie, o>ue, u>ue, e>i) across present, gerund, preterite and subjunctive

Can use stem-changing verbs correctly in the present, the gerund and the preterite

4 Ví dụ

Pretérito imperfecto

The imperfect tense: forms, the three irregular verbs, and what it is actually for

Can describe past habits, routines and background circumstances using the imperfect

3 Ví dụ

Indefinido o imperfecto: cómo elegir

The central A2 contrast: completed events versus background, with the verbs that change meaning

Can choose between preterite and imperfect to tell a past story with events and background

4 Ví dụ

Narrar en pasado: marcadores y estructura

Building a coherent past narrative: mientras, de repente, entonces, al final, and how the two tenses take turns

Can tell an anecdote in the past, alternating background and events with the right connectors

3 Ví dụ

Pretérito perfecto compuesto

Haber + participle: he hablado, and the irregular participles you actually need

Can talk about life experiences and recent events using the present perfect

4 Ví dụ

Perfecto o indefinido: los marcadores mandan

Which past tense Spain uses when: hoy/esta semana versus ayer/el año pasado, plus the American difference

Can choose between the present perfect and the preterite according to the time marker used

3 Ví dụ

Futuro simple y el futuro con ir a

The synthetic future (hablaré), its twelve irregular stems, and when Spaniards prefer ir a + infinitive

Can talk about future plans and predictions using both the simple future and ir a + infinitive

3 Ví dụ

Condicional simple

Would-forms for politeness, advice and wishes: me gustaría, ¿podría?, yo que tú iría

Can make polite requests, give advice and express wishes using the conditional

3 Ví dụ

Imperativo formal: usted, ustedes y vosotros

Completing the command paradigm beyond tú: siga, pasen, venid, and when Spain actually uses each

Can give instructions politely to one or several people using formal and plural commands

3 Ví dụ

Imperativo negativo

Saying don't: no hables, no comáis, no venga — the forms that differ from the affirmative

Can tell someone not to do something, at both formal and informal register

3 Ví dụ

Imperativo con pronombres

Where the pronouns go with commands: dímelo, siéntese, no me lo digas, and the accents that appear

Can attach or place object pronouns correctly with affirmative and negative commands

3 Ví dụ

Presente de subjuntivo: las formas

How the subjunctive is built, and why you already know most of it from the imperative

Can form the present subjunctive of regular, stem-changing and common irregular verbs

3 Ví dụ

Subjuntivo para pedir y desear: querer que, esperar que, ojalá

The first real use of the subjunctive: influencing or wishing about someone else's actions

Can express wishes and requests about other people's actions using que + subjunctive

3 Ví dụ

Subjuntivo de valoración: es importante que...

Impersonal expressions with the subjunctive, and the ones that keep the indicative

Can give advice and evaluate situations using impersonal expressions with the subjunctive

3 Ví dụ

Perífrasis verbales frecuentes

acabar de, volver a, empezar a, dejar de, soler, seguir + gerundio: saying more with the verbs you have

Can express beginning, repetition, continuation and immediate past using common verbal periphrases

3 Ví dụ

Estar + gerundio en pasado

estaba haciendo versus estuvo haciendo: the progressive in the two past tenses

Can use the past progressive to describe interrupted actions and long completed activities

3 Ví dụ

Ser y estar en A2: sucesos, participios y matices

Beyond the A1 rule: la fiesta es en mi casa, la puerta está abierta, and estar as a change of state

Can use ser and estar in the harder A2 contexts: events, results and changes of state

3 Ví dụ

Género de los sustantivos

Masculine and feminine nouns: -o/-a pattern, exceptions

Can identify the gender of common Spanish nouns and know key exceptions

3 Ví dụ

Artículos definidos

Definite articles: el, la, los, las

Can use definite articles correctly with nouns and understand special uses with gustar, time, and body parts

3 Ví dụ

Artículos indefinidos

Indefinite articles: un, una, unos, unas

Can use indefinite articles for first mentions and know when to omit them (professions, nationalities)

3 Ví dụ

Plurales

Plural formation: -s, -es, -ces rules

Can form plurals of nouns and articles correctly, including z→ces changes

3 Ví dụ

Contracciones al y del

Contractions: a + el = al, de + el = del

Can use the mandatory contractions al and del correctly and know when NOT to contract

3 Ví dụ

Adjetivos: concordancia

Adjective agreement in gender and number with nouns

Can make adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number and place them correctly

3 Ví dụ

Adjetivos posesivos

Possessive adjectives: mi, tu, su, nuestro, vuestro

Can express possession using possessive adjectives and clarify ambiguous 'su'

3 Ví dụ

Adjetivos demostrativos

Demonstrative adjectives: este/ese/aquel and their feminine/plural forms

Can use demonstrative adjectives for three distance levels and make them agree with nouns

3 Ví dụ

Comparativos

Comparatives: más...que, menos...que, tan...como

Can compare things using más/menos...que and tan...como, including irregular comparatives

3 Ví dụ

Comparativos irregulares: mejor, peor, mayor, menor

The four adjectives that have their own comparative form, and how to compare quantities

Can compare people and things using irregular comparatives and expressions of equality

3 Ví dụ

Superlativos: el mejor y buenísimo

The relative superlative (el más...de) and the absolute superlative in -ísimo

Can express the highest degree of a quality with both relative and absolute superlatives

3 Ví dụ

Apócope: buen, gran, primer, algún

Adjectives that lose their ending before a masculine singular noun

Can shorten adjectives correctly before masculine singular nouns

3 Ví dụ

Números 0-100

Cardinal numbers from 0 to 100

Can use cardinal numbers 0-100 for prices, ages, quantities

3 Ví dụ

Números ordinales

Ordinal numbers: primero through décimo

Can use ordinal numbers 1st-10th with correct gender agreement and shortening

3 Ví dụ

La hora

Telling time: es la una, son las dos, quarter, half

Can ask and tell the time using ser, y/menos, cuarto/media

3 Ví dụ

Días, meses, estaciones

Days of the week, months, seasons — all lowercase in Spanish

Can name days, months, seasons, express dates, and discuss weekly routines

3 Ví dụ

Números grandes, precios y fechas

From 100 to a million, plus how to say prices, years and dates in real life

Can understand and say large numbers, prices, years and dates

3 Ví dụ

Hace, desde y llevar: cuánto tiempo

hace dos años, desde 2019, desde hace tres meses, llevo diez minutos esperando

Can say how long something has been going on and how long ago something happened

3 Ví dụ

Palabras interrogativas

Question words: qué, quién, dónde, cuándo, cómo, cuánto, por qué

Can form questions using all question words with correct accents

3 Ví dụ

Hay (there is/are)

Impersonal existential hay: there is / there are

Can express existence with hay and distinguish hay from estar

3 Ví dụ

Negación

Negation: no before verb, double negation with nada, nunca, nadie

Can negate sentences and use double negation correctly

3 Ví dụ

Conjunciones básicas

Basic conjunctions: y, o, pero, porque, que

Can connect sentences using basic conjunctions including y→e and o→u changes

3 Ví dụ

Orden de palabras

Word order: SVO basic structure, question formation, flexibility

Can construct basic sentences and questions with correct word order

3 Ví dụ

Frases con infinitivo

Infinitive phrases: querer/poder/necesitar + infinitivo

Can express wants, abilities, and needs using verb + infinitive

3 Ví dụ

Perífrasis ir a + infinitivo

Near future: ir a + infinitivo for planned actions

Can talk about future plans using ir a + infinitive

5 Ví dụ

Oraciones de relativo: que, donde, quien

Joining two sentences into one: el chico que vive arriba, el bar donde quedamos

Can link ideas with relative clauses and define words they do not know

3 Ví dụ

Condicionales reales: si + presente

Si llueve, no vamos: talking about likely conditions, and the rule that si never takes the future

Can express real conditions and their consequences with si + present

3 Ví dụ

Conectores de causa y consecuencia

porque, como, por eso, así que, es que: explaining why and what follows

Can explain reasons and consequences with a range of connectors, not just porque

3 Ví dụ

Hay o está: presentar y localizar

When to use hay and when to use está: new information versus known information

Can distinguish hay and estar to introduce and to locate people and things

3 Ví dụ

Preposiciones de lugar

Prepositions of place: en, sobre, debajo de, delante de, detrás de

Can describe where things are using prepositions of place

3 Ví dụ

Preposiciones a, de, en, con, para, por

Basic prepositions: a, de, en, con, para, por — core uses at A1 level

Can use basic prepositions correctly including the personal 'a' and para/por distinction

3 Ví dụ

Adverbios de frecuencia

Frequency adverbs: siempre, a veces, nunca, normalmente

Can express how often actions happen using frequency adverbs

3 Ví dụ

Adverbios de lugar

Place adverbs: aquí, allí, cerca, lejos, arriba, abajo

Can describe locations using place adverbs

3 Ví dụ

También y tampoco

Affirmative and negative agreement: también (also) and tampoco (neither)

Can agree and disagree using también and tampoco

3 Ví dụ

Por y para

The A2 preposition problem: cause versus purpose, route versus destination, exchange versus recipient

Can distinguish por and para for cause, purpose, route, price and recipient

3 Ví dụ

La a personal

Why Spanish says conozco a Marta but conozco Madrid

Can use the personal a correctly with human direct objects

3 Ví dụ

Verbos con preposición fija

pensar en, soñar con, acordarse de: verbs whose preposition must be learned with them

Can use common verbs with their fixed prepositions correctly

3 Ví dụ

Adverbios en -mente

How to build adverbs of manner, and why Spaniards often avoid them

Can form and use adverbs of manner, and choose natural alternatives to them

3 Ví dụ

Muy, mucho y los cuantificadores

muy versus mucho, and the quantifiers demasiado, bastante, poco

Can quantify correctly with muy, mucho and other common quantifiers

3 Ví dụ

Expresiones de tiempo

Time expressions for past: ayer, la semana pasada, hace...

Can use time expressions to situate events in the past

3 Ví dụ

Conectores temporales

Temporal connectors: primero, después, luego, por último, al final

Can sequence events using temporal connectors

3 Ví dụ

Expresiones útiles para el DELE A1

Useful exam phrases, classroom language, instruction vocabulary for DELE A1

Can use essential classroom language, exam instructions, and polite social expressions

3 Ví dụ

Saber y conocer

Two verbs for one English word: knowing facts and skills versus being acquainted

Can choose between saber and conocer for facts, skills, people and places

3 Ví dụ

Pedir y preguntar

Asking for something versus asking a question, plus the verbs that go with them

Can distinguish requesting something from asking for information

3 Ví dụ

Peticiones corteses y trato con desconocidos

How to ask for things in a bar, a shop or an office without sounding brusque

Can make requests and ask permission at the right level of politeness in everyday situations

3 Ví dụ

Expresiones útiles para el DELE A2

The phrases that get you through the speaking and writing tasks of the A2 exam

Can handle the A2 speaking and writing tasks with a repertoire of ready-made functional phrases

3 Ví dụ

Tham khảo ngữ pháp

Fundamentos

Alfabeto y pronunciación

Pronombres

Pronombres personales

Pronombres de objeto directo

Pronombres de objeto indirecto

Gustar y verbos similares

Pronombres interrogativos

Pronombres indefinidos

Pronombres combinados: se lo doy

Reflexivos que cambian el significado

Se impersonal y pasiva refleja

Pronombres con preposición

Verbos como gustar: encantar, doler, apetecer

Verbos

El verbo ser

El verbo estar

Ser vs estar

Verbos regulares -ar

Verbos regulares -er

Verbos regulares -ir

Verbos irregulares: tener y venir

Verbos irregulares: ir y dar

Verbos irregulares: hacer, poner, salir

Verbos reflexivos

Presente continuo: estar + gerundio

Pretérito indefinido: verbos regulares

Pretérito indefinido: ser/ir

Pretérito indefinido: irregulares frecuentes

Imperativo afirmativo (tú)

Verbos con cambio de raíz: el sistema completo

Pretérito imperfecto

Indefinido o imperfecto: cómo elegir

Narrar en pasado: marcadores y estructura

Pretérito perfecto compuesto

Perfecto o indefinido: los marcadores mandan

Futuro simple y el futuro con ir a

Condicional simple

Imperativo formal: usted, ustedes y vosotros

Imperativo negativo

Imperativo con pronombres

Presente de subjuntivo: las formas

Subjuntivo para pedir y desear: querer que, esperar que, ojalá

Subjuntivo de valoración: es importante que...

Perífrasis verbales frecuentes

Estar + gerundio en pasado

Ser y estar en A2: sucesos, participios y matices

Sustantivos

Género de los sustantivos

Artículos definidos

Artículos indefinidos

Plurales

Contracciones al y del

Adjetivos

Adjetivos: concordancia

Adjetivos posesivos

Adjetivos demostrativos

Comparativos

Comparativos irregulares: mejor, peor, mayor, menor

Superlativos: el mejor y buenísimo

Apócope: buen, gran, primer, algún

Números y tiempo

Números 0-100

Números ordinales

La hora

Días, meses, estaciones

Números grandes, precios y fechas

Hace, desde y llevar: cuánto tiempo

Estructura de la oración

Palabras interrogativas

Hay (there is/are)

Negación

Conjunciones básicas

Orden de palabras

Frases con infinitivo

Perífrasis ir a + infinitivo

Oraciones de relativo: que, donde, quien

Condicionales reales: si + presente

Conectores de causa y consecuencia