Advanced reported speech: relative tense interpretation, reporting verbs, and shifting deixis (dnes→ten den)
I can report speech with correct relative tense, shifted deixis and varied reporting verbs.
Hãy xem các ví dụ sau. Bạn có nhận ra quy tắc ngữ pháp không?
Ujistila nás, že rozpočet bude schválen do konce měsíce.
She assured us the budget would be approved by the end of the month.
Tvrdil, že tam ten den nebyl, ale svědci ho viděli.
He claimed he had not been there that day, but witnesses saw him.
Chú ý các phần được đánh dấu. Chúng có điểm gì chung?
This is where English habits do the most damage. English shifts tenses back when it reports: "I'm tired" becomes "she said she was tired". Czech keeps the tense of the original words. The tense in the že-clause is read relative to the moment of speaking, not relative to now.
| Original | Czech report | English report |
|---|---|---|
| „Jsem unavená." | Řekla, že je unavená. | She said she was tired. |
| „Byla jsem v Brně." | Řekla, že byla v Brně. | She said she had been in Brno. |
| „Přijdu." | Řekla, že přijde. | She said she would come. |
So Řekla, že byla unavená means she had been tired earlier, and Řekla, že by přišla means she would come under some condition. Neither is the English sentence you meant.
Tenses stay, but "here" and "today" move if the report is made somewhere else or later:
| Original | Reported later |
|---|---|
| dnes | ten den, toho dne (formal) |
| zítra | druhý den, následující den |
| včera | den předtím, předchozí den |
| teď | tehdy, v tu chvíli |
| tady | tam |
„Přijdu zítra." → Slíbil, že přijde druhý den. If you report it the same day, Říkal, že přijde zítra is still right.
Czech news writing avoids repeating řekl: uvedl, prohlásil, tvrdil, přiznal, dodal, upozornil, zdůraznil, ujistil, namítl. Ministryně ujistila, že rozpočet bude schválen do konce měsíce. Verbs of denial and doubt take že by, which keeps the speaker at a distance: Popřel, že by o tom věděl. Pochybuju, že by to stihli.
Áp dụng ngữ pháp này vào các bài tập khóa học B2
Bài tập thực hànhUjistila nás, že rozpočet bude schválen do konce měsíce.
She assured us the budget would be approved by the end of the month.
ujistit + future relative to her words.
Tvrdil, že tam ten den nebyl, ale svědci ho viděli.
He claimed he had not been there that day, but witnesses saw him.
tvrdit + ten den: shifted deixis in a denial.
Bài kiểm tra cho chủ đề này đang được chuẩn bị
Luyện tập trong khóa học
Áp dụng ngữ pháp này vào các bài tập khóa học B2