Linking ideas in longer texts: proto, přesto, zatímco, navíc, naopak, tedy and their comma behaviour
I can write connected paragraphs using consequence, contrast and addition connectors.
Hãy xem các ví dụ sau. Bạn có nhận ra quy tắc ngữ pháp không?
Vlak měl zpoždění, přesto jsme stihli začátek představení.
The train was delayed; nevertheless we made the start of the performance.
Zatímco v Čechách se pije pivo, na Moravě vede víno; navíc se tam dělá výborná slivovice.
While beer rules in Bohemia, wine leads in Moravia; moreover, they make excellent slivovitz there.
Chú ý các phần được đánh dấu. Chúng có điểm gì chung?
At B1 you write longer texts: an email of complaint, a short essay, a story about your weekend. What makes them read as Czech rather than a list of sentences are the small linking words. Here are the ones you will use most, grouped by what they do.
| Relation | Connectors | Example |
|---|---|---|
| result | proto, a proto, takže, tedy; formal tudíž | Vlak měl zpoždění, proto jsme přišli pozdě. |
| concession | přesto, i tak, přece; formal nicméně | Bylo chladno, přesto jsme vyrazili na Sněžku. |
| contrast | ale, však, zatímco, naopak | Zatímco v Čechách se pije pivo, na Moravě vede víno. |
| addition | navíc, kromě toho, a také | Je to levné, navíc je to blízko. |
| explanation | totiž | Nepřišel. Byl totiž nemocný. |
| order | nejdřív, potom, nakonec | Nejdřív jsme šli na hrad, potom na oběd. |
Two connectors behave unlike their English counterparts. Však ("however") usually stands after the first word or phrase: Hotel byl drahý, snídaně však byla výborná. Totiž ("you see", "the thing is") also takes second position and explains the previous sentence: Musím jít. Zítra totiž vstávám v pět. English speakers often answer every "why" with protože; totiž is the more natural choice when the reason comes as an afterthought.
Czech commas follow grammar, not breathing. Put a comma between two clauses linked by proto, přesto, však, takže, zatímco: Pršelo, proto jsme zůstali doma. Before plain a ("and") there is usually no comma, but when a introduces a result or a contrast (a proto, a tak, a přesto), the comma comes back: Byl nemocný, a proto nepřišel. The Internetová jazyková příručka has a full page on commas before a. Inside a clause, connectors like tedy or navíc do not need commas: Je to tedy jasné.
Áp dụng ngữ pháp này vào các bài tập khóa học B1
Bài tập thực hànhVlak měl zpoždění, přesto jsme stihli začátek představení.
The train was delayed; nevertheless we made the start of the performance.
přesto: concession after a comma.
Zatímco v Čechách se pije pivo, na Moravě vede víno; navíc se tam dělá výborná slivovice.
While beer rules in Bohemia, wine leads in Moravia; moreover, they make excellent slivovitz there.
zatímco contrast + navíc addition in one sentence.
Bài kiểm tra cho chủ đề này đang được chuẩn bị
Luyện tập trong khóa học
Áp dụng ngữ pháp này vào các bài tập khóa học B1