Grammar Reference

Portuguese alphabet, nasal vowels, ç, lh, nh, and pronunciation rules

Can recognize Portuguese special sounds (nasal vowels, ç, lh, nh) and distinguish rr from r

Personal pronouns with tu vs você distinction, a gente usage

Can use personal pronouns correctly and choose between tu and você

The verb ser for permanent characteristics, identity, origin, time

Can conjugate ser in present tense and use it for identity, origin, profession, and time

The verb estar for temporary states, locations, moods, weather

Can conjugate estar in present tense and use it for location, temporary states, and weather

When to use ser vs estar — permanent vs temporary distinction

Can choose correctly between ser and estar based on context

Present tense conjugation of regular -ar verbs

Can conjugate regular -ar verbs in present tense

Present tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Can conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in present tense

The irregular verb ter and idiomatic expressions

Can conjugate ter and use it for possession, age, and physical states

The verb ir and near future construction

Can conjugate ir and form near future with ir + infinitive

8 essential irregular verbs: fazer, poder, querer, saber, dizer, dar, ver, vir

Can conjugate the 8 most common irregular verbs in present tense

The verb gostar de (to like) with mandatory preposition

Can express likes and dislikes using gostar de

Present continuous: estar + gerúndio (BP) / estar a + infinitivo (EP)

Can form present continuous in both BP and EP styles

Definite/indefinite articles and contractions with prepositions

Can use articles correctly and form contractions with prepositions

Masculine and feminine nouns — patterns and exceptions

Can determine noun gender using common patterns and recognize exceptions

Plural formation including irregular -ão, -l, -m patterns

Can form plurals of regular and common irregular nouns

Adjective agreement and position in Portuguese

Can use adjectives with correct agreement and understand position effects

Question words and question formation in Portuguese

Can ask basic questions using Portuguese question words

Possessive adjectives and pronouns with dele/dela disambiguation

Can use possessives with correct agreement and disambiguate with dele/dela

Common prepositions and their mandatory contractions

Can use prepositions with correct contractions

Negation with não, double negation with nunca/nada/ninguém

Can negate sentences correctly and use double negation

Three-way demonstrative system (este/esse/aquele)

Can use three-way demonstratives with correct agreement

Expressing existence (there is/are) and time ago with há and tem

Can use há/tem for existence and time expressions

Cardinal numbers 0-100 with gender agreement

Can count 0-100 and use gender-agreeing number forms

Telling time, days of the week, months, and time expressions

Can tell time, say days/months, and use common time expressions

Essential greetings, farewells, and polite expressions

Can greet, thank, and navigate basic social interactions