कृदंत विशेषण: -ता हुआ, -आ हुआ

A2 — कृदंत

चलता हुआ, बैठा हुआ — क्रिया से बने विशेषण

I can describe someone by what they are doing or what has been done to them

चलता हुआ, बैठा हुआ — क्रिया से बने विशेषण

Examples

— The crying child went to his mother.
— the book lying on the table
— She came in smiling.

कृदंतA2

Participial Adjectives

Adjectives built from verbs: the doing one and the done one

Learning Goal

I can describe someone by what they are doing or what has been done to them

Exam Skills:बोलनालिखना

Look at these examples. Can you spot the grammar pattern?

The crying child went to his mother.

the book lying on the table

She came in smiling.

Pay attention to the highlighted parts. What do they have in common?

Two participles

-ता हुआ	doing	चलता हुआ आदमी - a walking man
-आ हुआ	done, in a state	बैठा हुआ आदमी - a seated man

Both halves agree with the noun: चलती हुई लड़की, बैठे हुए लोग.

रोता हुआ बच्चा - a crying child
टूटा हुआ गिलास - a broken glass
खुली हुई खिड़की - an open window

Adverbially

The same participle can describe how the main action happened: वह हँसते हुए बोला - he said it laughing.

Apply this grammar in A2 course exercises

Practice Exercises

Failing to agree both halves of the participle with the noun.

Common Error Patterns

Only one half of the participle agreeing

Both the participle and hua agree: chalti hui larki.

Choosing the participle by the Russian form

Ask whether the action is ongoing or the state has been reached.

The crying child went to his mother.

-ta hua for an action in progress.

the book lying on the table

-i hui, feminine, agreeing with kitab.

She came in smiling.

Adverbial use; Russian switches to a gerund here.

Practice in course

Apply this grammar in A2 course exercises

A2 Course

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Frequently asked questions

When is कृदंत विशेषण: -ता हुआ, -आ हुआ used?: Both halves agree with the noun: चलती हुई लड़की, बैठे हुए लोग.
How is कृदंत विशेषण: -ता हुआ, -आ हुआ formed?: The same participle can describe how the main action happened: वह हँसते हुए बोला - he said it laughing.
What are common mistakes with कृदंत विशेषण: -ता हुआ, -आ हुआ?: Failing to agree both halves of the participle with the noun. 🇷🇺 Russian speakers: Russian participles agree too, so that part is easy; the trap is choosing the participle by the Russian form rather than by whether the action is ongoing or completed.

Sources

हिन्दी व्याकरण — काशी नागरी प्रचारिणी सभा, 1920
Kamta Prasad Guru's grammar, the standard prescriptive reference for Hindi verb and particle usage.
Hindi (London Oriental and African Language Library 12) — John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006
Yamuna Kachru's reference grammar; the descriptive account of modality, particles and reported speech used here.

Frequently asked questions

When is कृदंत विशेषण: -ता हुआ, -आ हुआ used?

Both halves agree with the noun: चलती हुई लड़की, बैठे हुए लोग.

How is कृदंत विशेषण: -ता हुआ, -आ हुआ formed?

The same participle can describe how the main action happened: वह हँसते हुए बोला - he said it laughing.

What are common mistakes with कृदंत विशेषण: -ता हुआ, -आ हुआ?

Failing to agree both halves of the participle with the noun. 🇷🇺 Russian speakers: Russian participles agree too, so that part is easy; the trap is choosing the participle by the Russian form rather than by whether the action is ongoing or completed.

Sources

हिन्दी व्याकरण — काशी नागरी प्रचारिणी सभा, 1920

Kamta Prasad Guru's grammar, the standard prescriptive reference for Hindi verb and particle usage.

Hindi (London Oriental and African Language Library 12) — John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006

Yamuna Kachru's reference grammar; the descriptive account of modality, particles and reported speech used here.