Grammar Reference

The Polish alphabet and special characters

I can identify all 32 Polish letters and 7 digraphs

Polish pronunciation rules and stress patterns

I can apply penultimate stress and pronounce nasal vowels

Polish personal pronouns

I can use all personal pronouns and formal Pan/Pani

Possessive pronouns with gender agreement

I can use possessive pronouns with correct gender agreement

Conjugation of the verb 'to be' (być) in present tense

I can conjugate być and use instrumental with nouns

Conjugation of the verb 'to have' (mieć) in present tense

I can conjugate mieć and use accusative/genitive correctly

Present tense conjugation patterns in Polish

I can conjugate common verbs in present tense

Past tense with gender-marked endings in Polish

I can form past tense with correct gender endings

Imperative mood for commands and polite requests

I can form commands and polite requests

Reflexive verbs with the particle się

I can use common reflexive verbs with się

Introduction to imperfective and perfective verb aspect

I can distinguish imperfective and perfective verb forms

Verbs of motion: directional vs non-directional pairs

I can use basic verbs of motion with correct directionality

Future tense: imperfective compound and perfective simple

I can form future tense using both verb aspects

Grammatical gender of Polish nouns

I can identify noun gender and apply adjective agreement

The nominative case — subjects and dictionary forms

I can form nominative singular and plural for all genders

The accusative case — direct objects

I can form accusative for direct objects with all genders

Dative case for indirect objects in Polish

I can use dative case for indirect objects

Instrumental case in Polish

I can use instrumental case with z, być, and transport

Locative case for location and topic in Polish

I can use locative case with prepositions for location

Genitive case for possession and negation in Polish

I can use genitive for possession, negation, and numbers

The vocative case for direct address

I can use the vocative case for direct address

Cardinal numbers from 0 to 100

I can count 0-100 and apply gender agreement with jeden/dwa

Ordinal numbers with gender agreement and dates

I can use ordinal numbers with gender agreement and say dates

Negation with nie, double negation, and nie ma

I can negate sentences and use double negation correctly

Forming questions in Polish

I can form yes/no and wh-questions correctly

Complex sentences with subordinating conjunctions

I can form complex sentences with subordinating conjunctions

Adjective gender agreement in Polish

I can use adjectives with correct gender agreement

Prepositions of place and their case requirements in Polish

I can use prepositions of place with correct cases

Prepositions of time in Polish

I can use prepositions of time correctly

Common conjunctions for connecting clauses

I can connect clauses using common conjunctions