PolyglotGym
CourseGrammarWords
LoginCreate Account
CourseGrammarWords

More

LibraryCommunity

Interface Language

Create AccountLogin
PolyglotGym
All languagesCoursesGrammar

Get the App

Download on theApp StoreGET IT ONGoogle Play
PolyglotGym

Learn Czech online with interactive courses, vocabulary trainer, and more.

Learn

  • All languages
  • Courses
  • Grammar
  • Words
  • Align Vocabulary

Community

  • Library
  • Forum
  • Clubs

Get the App

Learn on the go

Download on theApp StoreGET IT ONGoogle Play

© 2026 PolyglotGym. All rights reserved

Privacy PolicyTerms of Service

CourseGrammarWords
  1. Home
  2. ›Grammar
  3. ›C1
  4. ›Transgressives: active use
You are here
VerbsC1

Transgressives: active use

Forming both transgressives correctly for formal prose: stems, agreement, aspect choice and stylistic dosing

Learning Goal

I can form and stylistically dose both transgressives in formal writing.

Exam Skills:CCE C1 · ReadingCCE C1 · Writing

Look at these examples. Can you spot the grammar pattern?

Předsedkyně, zahajujíc konferenci, připomněla loňské úspěchy.

Opening the conference, the chairwoman recalled last year's successes.

Dočetše zprávu, předali ji auditoři vedení podniku.

Having finished reading the report, the auditors handed it over to the company management.

Pay attention to the highlighted parts. What do they have in common?

The přechodník (transgressive) is the Czech counterpart of the English participle clause: "Opening the conference, the chairwoman recalled...", "Having read the report, the auditors...". English uses these freely. In Czech they are a stylistic choice: at home in legal and academic prose, solemn speeches and nineteenth-century novels such as Němcová's Babička, and in ironic writing. At C1 you should read them without effort and be able to place one well in formal writing.

Present transgressive: at the same time

Formed from the third person plural of an imperfective verb. It agrees with the subject in three forms only: masculine singular, feminine or neuter singular, and plural.

3rd pluralm. sg.f./n. sg.plural
nesounesanesoucnesouce
dělajídělajedělajícdělajíce
prosíproseprosícprosíce
zahajujízahajujezahajujíczahajujíce

Verbs in -ou take -a, -ouc, -ouce; verbs in -í take -e/-ě, -íc, -íce. Předsedkyně, zahajujíc konferenci, připomněla loňské úspěchy.

Past transgressive: completed before

Formed from the past stem of a perfective verb (the l-form without -l): a vowel stem adds -v, -vši, -vše, a consonant stem adds nothing, -ši, -še.

l-formm. sg.f./n. sg.plural
udělaludělavudělavšiudělavše
přineslpřinespřinesšipřinesše
dočetldočetdočetšidočetše

Dočetše zprávu, předali ji auditoři vedení podniku. Present transgressives of perfective verbs (přijda, vrátě se) and the past form byv of být also exist, but they are rare even in formal texts; for your own writing stick to the two main types.

The subject rule

The transgressive must share the subject of the main verb. English style guides call the violation a dangling participle ("Entering the room, the phone rang"), and Czech forbids it in the same way: *Vejdouc do místnosti, zazvonil telefon.

Living fossils

Even people who never write a transgressive use these: chtě nechtě (willy-nilly), takřka (almost, from tak řka), počínaje (počínaje 1. lednem), konče, soudě podle, nehledě na, vyjma (except).

Dosage

One transgressive in a formal paragraph reads as elegant; three in a row read as a parody of the National Revival. In neutral writing, unwind it: Předsedkyně zahájila konferenci a připomněla... or Při zahájení konference předsedkyně připomněla...

Typical slips

  • No agreement: *Studenti, odcházejíc z přednášky, mlčeli → odcházejíce (plural).
  • Wrong vowel in the past form: *přinés → přines (from přinesl).
  • A different subject in the main clause (dangling).

Apply this grammar in C1 course exercises

Practice Exercises
  • Aspect crossed: a present transgressive from a perfective (přijda) is obsolete; use the past one, přišed
  • Different subjects: *Vejdouc do místnosti, zazvonil telefon

Common Error Patterns

Aspect-stem mismatch

Present ← imperfective stem; past ← perfective stem

Předsedkyně, zahajujíc konferenci, připomněla loňské úspěchy.

Opening the conference, the chairwoman recalled last year's successes.

zahajujíc: F present transgressive, same subject.

Dočetše zprávu, předali ji auditoři vedení podniku.

Having finished reading the report, the auditors handed it over to the company management.

dočetše: plural past transgressive of a perfective.

The check for this topic is still being prepared

Ask Sofi

Ready-made hints are free

Practice in course

Apply this grammar in C1 course exercises

C1 Course
← Back to topics

Frequently asked questions

When do you use Transgressives: active use?
The přechodník (transgressive) is the Czech counterpart of the English participle clause: "Opening the conference, the chairwoman recalled...", "Having read the report, the auditors...". English uses these freely. In Czech they are a stylistic choice: at home in legal and academic prose, solemn speeches and nineteenth-century novels such as Němcová's Babička , and in ironic writing. At C1 you should read them without effort and be able to place one well in formal writing.
How do you form Transgressives: active use?
Formed from the third person plural of an imperfective verb. It agrees with the subject in three forms only: masculine singular, feminine or neuter singular, and plural. Verbs in -ou take -a, -ouc, -ouce ; verbs in -í take -e/-ě, -íc, -íce . Předsedkyně, zahajujíc konferenci, připomněla loňské úspěchy. Formed from the past stem of a perfective verb (the l -form without -l ): a vowel stem adds -v, -vši, -vše , a consonant stem adds nothing, -ši, -še . Dočetše zprávu, předali ji auditoři vedení podniku.
What are common mistakes with Transgressives: active use?
Aspect crossed: a present transgressive from a perfective (přijda) is obsolete; use the past one, přišed Different subjects: *Vejdouc do místnosti, zazvonil telefon

Related grammar topics

Next topic: Iterative verbs: psávat, chodívat

Also in Verbs

  • The verb být (to be)A1
  • The verb mít (to have)A1
  • Verbs in -atA1
  • Verbs in -it and -etA1
  • Verbs in -ovatA1
  • Reflexive verbs with se and siA1
  • Past tense: forming itA1
  • Past tense of býtA1
  • Past tense: irregular verbsA1
  • Verb aspect: the basicsA1
  • Future tenseA1
  • Modal verbsA1
  • ImperativeA1
  • Aspect pairsA2
  • Future of perfective verbsA2
  • Present conditionalA2
  • Verbs of motion: jít/jet, chodit/jezditA2
  • Prefixes on verbs of motionA2
  • Imperative: the full systemA2
  • Verbs and the cases they takeA2
  • Reflexive passive (dělá se)B1
  • Passive with the participle (je postaven)B1
  • Past conditionalB1
  • Verbs of perception with an infinitive and jakB1
  • Prefixes and verb meaningsB1
  • Passive participles in -ný and -tý as adjectivesB1
  • Fine distinctions between modal verbsB1
  • Passive voice: the full systemB2
  • Transgressives: recognizing themB2
  • Aspect in the imperative and in negation: the fine rulesB2
  • How verb prefixes shape meaningB2
  • The conditional for politeness, hypotheses and unreal situationsB2
  • Idiomatic verb patterns: záležet na, jít o, stát zaB2
  • Iterative verbs: psávat, chodívat
  • The complete transgressive system, including the pastC2

Grammar C1·Grammar Reference