Grammar Reference

Italian alphabet, pronunciation rules, double consonants

Can spell words and recognize Italian pronunciation patterns including double consonants

Subject personal pronouns: io, tu, lui/lei/Lei, noi, voi, loro

Can identify and use Italian subject pronouns, including formal Lei

Direct object pronouns: mi, ti, lo/la, ci, vi, li/le

Can use direct object pronouns to replace nouns

Present tense conjugation of essere (to be)

Can conjugate essere and use it for identity, origin, profession, and descriptions

Present tense conjugation of avere (to have)

Can conjugate avere and use idiomatic expressions for age, hunger, thirst

Regular -are verb conjugation (parlare, mangiare, etc.)

Can conjugate regular -are verbs in the present tense

Regular -ere verb conjugation (scrivere, leggere, etc.)

Can conjugate regular -ere verbs in the present tense

Regular -ire verb conjugation + -isc- pattern

Can conjugate -ire verbs including the -isc- pattern

Common irregular verbs: andare, fare, stare, venire, potere, volere, dovere

Can use common irregular and modal verbs in everyday sentences

Piacere construction for expressing likes

Can express likes and dislikes using piacere

Past tense with avere: ho parlato, ho mangiato

Can form passato prossimo with avere for transitive verbs

Past tense with essere + participle agreement

Can form passato prossimo with essere and apply agreement

Regular (-ato, -uto, -ito) and common irregular past participles

Can form regular and recognize common irregular past participles

Introduction to the simple future tense

Can form simple future for regular and common irregular verbs

Irregular future stems: sarò, avrò, andrò, farò, verrò, potrò, dovrò, vorrò

Can use the eight most common irregular future stems

Informal commands: tu/noi/voi forms

Can give informal commands and form negative imperatives

Progressive construction: sto mangiando, etc.

Can describe actions in progress using stare + gerundio

Definite articles: il, lo, la, l', i, gli, le

Can select the correct definite article based on gender, number, and initial sound

Indefinite articles: un, uno, una, un'

Can use the correct indefinite article form based on gender and initial sound

Masculine/feminine noun patterns (-o/-a, -e, -ista, etc.)

Can identify noun gender from endings and recognize common exceptions

Singular/plural formation (-o→-i, -a→-e, -e→-i, etc.)

Can form regular and common irregular plurals of Italian nouns

Adjective agreement: -o/-a/-i/-e, -e/-i

Can use adjectives with correct gender/number agreement

Possessives: mio/tuo/suo/nostro/vostro/loro + article

Can use possessives with correct agreement and article

Demonstratives: questo/quello + agreement

Can use questo and quello with correct agreement

Negation: non + verb, niente/nessuno/mai

Can form negative sentences using non and double negation

Question formation, question words

Can form yes/no questions and use common question words

There is / there are construction

Can express existence using c'è and ci sono

Simple prepositions: di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra/fra

Can use simple prepositions for places, time, and relationships

Preposition + article combinations: del, al, dal, nel, sul, etc.

Can form and use prepositional articles

Cardinal numbers 0-100, ordinals 1st-10th

Can use numbers 0-100 and ordinals 1st-10th

Adverbs: sempre, spesso, mai, qui, là, molto, poco, bene, male

Can use common adverbs of frequency, place, and manner