Master grammar with comprehensive explanations and examples
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The Georgian Alphabet (Mkhedruli)
A good first topic
I can read all 33 Mkhedruli letters, tell the voiced, aspirated and ejective series apart, and pronounce ყ as a uvular ejective.
I can use the six personal pronouns and know that Georgian has no grammatical gender.
I can point to things with es, eg and is depending on where they are.
I can say what belongs to whom with chemi, sheni, misi, chveni, tkveni and mati.
I can introduce myself and others using the present forms of 'to be'.
I can say what I own and who is in my family using makvs and mqavs correctly.
I can conjugate common verbs in the present tense and talk about everyday activities.
I can make polite requests and apologize in everyday situations.
I can form plurals with -ebi and keep nouns singular after numerals.
I can recognize the seven cases and actively use nominative, dative and genitive.
I can recognize the ergative -ma on past-tense subjects in simple sentences.
I can ask basic questions with ra, vin, sad, rodis, rogor and ratom.
I can choose between ar, ver and nu to say no, can't and don't.
I can say where things are and where I am going using -shi, -ze, -tan and -dan.
I can count to 100 using the Georgian base-20 system and talk about prices and age.
I can greet people, thank them and choose between shen and tkven appropriately.
I can name the days of the week and say on which day I do things.
I can describe people, places, and things with basic adjectives.
I can link words and simple sentences with and, but, or, if.
I can say and ask where things and people are using basic place words.
I can talk about plans and what will happen using future forms.
I can describe completed past events with regular verbs.
I can say what I want, can, and must do.
I can recognize who does what to whom in verbs with object markers.
I can tell what I did yesterday using the most common irregular past forms.
I can say what hurts and how I feel (cold, hungry, thirsty, afraid) using dative experiencer verbs.
I can compare people, places, and things.
I can describe things with colors and truncate adjectives correctly before cased nouns.
I can say where I come from and describe ranges in space and time.
I can use ordinal numbers for floors, stops, dates, and sequences.
I can report knowledge, opinions, and wishes with that-clauses.
I can ask whose, whom, and by what means using correctly cased question words.
I can say how often I do things, including 'never' without a double negative.
I can build possessive phrases and two-link genitive chains in the correct Georgian order.
I can say by what transport I travel and with what tool I do things using -it.
I can address people warmly and correctly using the Georgian vocative.
I can distinguish and express habitual vs one-time actions using kholme.
I can address strangers, officials, and family with the right Georgian form and pronoun.
I can narrate past events about any person - I, you, we, the guests - with correct aorist endings.
I can express obligation, wishes, and let's-suggestions using the optative.
I can express what I must do, had to do, and no longer need to do.
I can talk about life experience and report things I heard using the perfect.
I can recognize who benefits from an action by reading the verb's version vowel.
I can pluralize verb forms correctly for we, you-all, and them - and read whose plurality -t marks.
I can tell layered past stories - background in the imperfect, events in the aorist.
I can talk about what I wanted, could, knew, and loved in the past.
I can narrate movement precisely - in, out, up, down, toward and away.
I can mark aorist subjects correctly - ergative for transitive, nominative for intransitive verbs.
I can decline plural nouns through all cases with the -eb- plug.
I can describe people and things with relative clauses, casing romelits correctly.
I can relay what others said using both rom-clauses and the Georgian -o quote.
I can build when/while/as-soon-as sentences across past, present, and future.
I can explain reasons and draw conclusions with the right connector in the right position.
I can say why I do things using purpose clauses with the subjunctive.
I can make realistic if-then plans and offers.
I can express hopes, daydreams, and regrets with netav.
I can set time boundaries with while- and until-clauses.
I can compare people, places, and dishes with all four Georgian comparison tools.
I can say for whom, from whom, about what, and without what - all on the genitive base.
I can handle prices, years, and calendar dates in real conversations.
I can decode and build abstract nouns and profession words from familiar roots.
I can describe how actions happen using correctly formed adverbs.
I can contrast, seek confirmation, and make polite offers with k'i and khom.
I can classify any verb form into its series and predict the case frame of the sentence.
I can build verb forms that encode subject and object(s) in one word.
I can express making, letting, feeding, and teaching with causative verbs.
Best after: Polypersonal Verbs: Building Who-Does-What-to-Whom
I can describe processes, availability, and rules with passive forms.
Best after: The Screeve Map: Three Series, Three Case Frames
I can read and build participles for doers, results, and proverbs.
I can describe scenes in past, present, and future with the posture verbs.
I can build give/tell/send sentences with all three roles correctly cased.
Best after: Polypersonal Verbs: Building Who-Does-What-to-Whom
I can give one-off orders, standing advice, and gentle prohibitions with the right aspect.
I can compress before/after/for-clauses into masdar phrases.
I can switch between process and completion with the right lexical preverb.
I can daydream, advise, and hypothesize with unreal conditionals.
I can talk about missed chances and alternative pasts.
I can pick the right mood in that-clauses for facts, wishes, and fears.
I can use word order to highlight what matters and structure information naturally.
I can express vivid so-that results matched to the right word class.
I can concede a point and stand my ground - in formal and casual registers.
Best after: Because and Therefore: imitom rom, radgan, amitom
I can report and embed questions of all three types.
I can apply the animacy rule and let towers stand in the singular.
I can mark ownership unambiguously with tavisi and misi.
I can talk about how I feel, what I did myself, and what we do for each other.
I can use nobody/nothing/nowhere in both series without double negation.
I can express changed states - quit habits, lost abilities, and closed worries.
I can quantify things correctly - always with the singular.
I can grade my certainty and mark where my knowledge comes from.
I can compress time clauses into elegant two-word phrases.
I can route an action's benefit - to myself, to others, onto surfaces - with version vowels.
Best after: Version Vowels i-/u-: For Myself, For You (Recognition)
I can read and use preverbs in their figurative senses - including the famous accidental shemo-.
I can classify verbs into the four classes and predict their case behavior.
Best after: The Screeve Map: Three Series, Three Case Frames
I can conjugate activity verbs through all series with the i-pattern and ergative aorists.
I can carry love-have-remember verbs through every tense without losing the inversion.
Best after: Dative Experiencer Verbs: It Hurts Me, I'm Cold, I'm Hungry
I can narrate recurring past scenes with the habitual conditional.
I can express duties, missed duties, and confident deductions about the past.
I can decode and coin purpose words for rooms, tools, and tasks.
I can build with- and without-words for food, weather, and character.
I can use pair words, reduplication, and echo pairs for natural casual color.
I can host, visit, and phone formally - raising others and humbling myself with the right verbs.
I can host and communicate in offices with the full honorific verb set.
Best after: The Politeness Register: brdzandebit and gakhlavart
I can hear and deploy the particles that make Georgian sound alive.
I can mark professions, functions, and transformations with the essive -ad.
I can tell layered stories that weave background, action, live drama, and backstory.
I can speak with native pronoun economy - silent by default, explicit for contrast.
I can read and write the compressed participial style of formal Georgian.
I can build and punctuate multi-layer literary sentences.
I can point across all three zones - mine, yours, and beyond.
I can express regret, anger, and warmth through the guli idiom system.
Best after: Dative Experiencer Verbs: It Hurts Me, I'm Cold, I'm Hungry
I can read classical and liturgical Georgian passages without stumbling on archaic forms.
I can recognize and respond to Rustaveli quotations in modern Georgian discourse.
I can follow regionally colored speech and navigate Georgia's language map respectfully.
I can read, quote, and aptly deploy Georgian proverbs with their fixed grammar intact.
I can switch between official, neutral, casual, and slang Georgian to fit the situation.
Best after: The Politeness Register: brdzandebit and gakhlavart
I can read and write academic Georgian prose with its impersonal machinery.
I can read Georgian news fluently and tell reported claims from asserted facts.
I can decode street-speed Georgian and choose when contractions fit.
Best after: Stylistic Registers: From Chancellery to Courtyard
I can choose between loan and native vocabulary to match the register.
Best after: Stylistic Registers: From Chancellery to Courtyard
I can pair nouns with their fixed verbs so my Georgian stops sounding translated.
I can follow song lyrics and verse, and hear where poetry bends the grammar.
Best after: The Language of the Knight in the Panther's Skin
I can attribute every quoted word to its true voice - theirs, mine, or relayed.
I can express graded warmth with diminutives and affection formulas - at the right closeness.
I can compose and deliver a structured Georgian toast - and hand it on with alaverdi.
I can write applications, complaints, and formal replies that read as native paperwork.